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Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III

Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (Interactive 3D Assyrian Monument • 2 Kings 9 –10): Four-sided black limestone monument erected at Nimrud (biblical Calah ) in 825 BC by King Shalmaneser III of Assyria . Its second register preserves the earliest surviving visual depiction of a biblical figure: King Jehu of Israel ('Jehu, son of Omri') bowing to present tribute in 841 BC. Within the broader Biblical Knowledge Graph, this connects directly to Divided Kingdom of Israel and Judah —After the death of Solomon , the monarchy split under Rehoboam and Jeroboam ( 1 Kings 12 ) into the northern Kingdom of Israel (centered at Samaria ) and the southern Kingdom of Judah (ruled by the Davidic line in Jerusalem ).

Connected Genealogical Figures & Lineage

Laadah (Generation 25 • Child of Shelah ): Laadah is a biblical figure in Generation 25, child of Shelah . ( 1 Chronicles 4:21 ) (mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4 )

Biblical Geography & Sacred Architecture

Key geographical locations connected to this topic include Madmannah (Ancient biblical location referenced in Josh 15:31 , 1 Chr 2:49 .) Me-jarkon (Ancient biblical location referenced in Josh 19:46 (identified with Rakkon ).) Etam 2 (Ancient biblical location referenced in 1 Chr 4:32 (identified with Ain 2 ).) Goah (Ancient biblical location referenced in Jer 31:39 (identified with Jerusalem ).) 3D Sanctuary Reconstructions: Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III — Four-sided black limestone monument erected at Nimrud (biblical Calah ) in 825 BC by King Shalmaneser III of Assyria . Its second register preserves the earliest surviving visual depiction of a biblical figure: King Jehu of Israel ('Jehu, son of Omri') bowing to present tribute in 841 BC. Ur III Sumerian Cuneiform Tablet — Mesopotamian clay administrative tablet from the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100–2000 BC) recording offerings of barley-fed sheep and goats, illustrating the scribal culture and urban economy of southern Mesopotamia around the patriarchal era of Ur of the Chaldeans ( Genesis 11:28–31 ).

Scripture Witness (KJV) & Canonical Context

Primary KJV scripture witnesses include 2 Kings 17:3 : "Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria ; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents."; 2 Kings 18:9 : "And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Hezekiah , which was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel , that Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria , ..."; Isaiah 50:3 : "I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering.". Related canonical books and chapters: Genesis 10 ( Genesis • Chapter 10 (32 verses)), 1 Kings 19 ( 1 Kings • Chapter 19 (21 verses)), 2 Kings 10 ( 2 Kings • Chapter 10 (36 verses)).

Connected Topics & Entities Book/Chapter Verse Person Place Lexicon Theology Commentary

Topics, People & Places (36)

Interactive 3D Assyrian Monument • 2 Kings 9–10

Four-sided black limestone monument erected at Nimrud (biblical Calah ) in 825 BC by King Shalmaneser III of Assyria . Its second register preserves the earliest surviving visual depiction of a biblical figure: King Jehu of Israel ('Jehu, son of Omri') bowing to present tribute in 841 BC.

Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III — King Jehu of Israel
IMAGE • archaeology

Neo-Assyrian bas-relief (825 BCE) showing King Jehu bowing before the Assyrian monarch, the only contemporary depiction of an Israelite king.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Kurkh Monoliths — Shalmaneser III Inscription Mentions Ahab
IMAGE • archaeology

Assyrian stele documenting the Battle of Qarqar (853 BCE), listing 'Ahab the Israelite' contributing 2,000 chariots and 10,000 troops.

Neo-Assyrian Scribes of Shalmaneser III • The British Museum, London CC-BY-SA 4.0
Map of Syrian & Assyrian Invasions of Israel
IMAGE • maps

Military campaigns of Ben-Hadad, Tiglath-Pileser III, and Shalmaneser V culminating in the siege of Samaria .

Historical Biblical Cartographers • Geographicus / Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0
Divided Kingdom of Israel and Judah
Connected via Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 74% Wiki Topic
Wiki Article • History & Monarchy

After the death of Solomon , the monarchy split under Rehoboam and Jeroboam ( 1 Kings 12 ) into the northern Kingdom of Israel (centered at Samaria ) and the southern Kingdom of Judah (ruled by the Davidic line in Jerusalem ).

Genesis 10
Connected via Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 70% Chapter
Genesis • Chapter 10 (32 verses)

Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah , Shem , Ham , and Japheth : and unto them were sons born after the flood. The sons of Japheth ; Gomer , and Magog , and Madai, and Javan , and Tubal , and Meshech , and Tiras. And the sons of Gomer ; Ashkenaz , and Riphath, and Togarmah. Mentions: Noah , Shem , Ham , Japheth, Cush , Ham 2 , Gomer, Magog , Javan , Tubal .

1 Kings 19
Connected via Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 70% Chapter
1 Kings • Chapter 19 (21 verses)

And Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and withal how he had slain all the prophets with the sword. Then Jezebel sent a messenger unto Elijah, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of one of them by to morrow about this time.... Mentions: Judah , Jacob/Israel , Abel , Baal , Horeb , Damascus , Syria .

Interactive 3D Cuneiform Tablet • Genesis 11:28–31

Mesopotamian clay administrative tablet from the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100–2000 BC) recording offerings of barley-fed sheep and goats, illustrating the scribal culture and urban economy of southern Mesopotamia around the patriarchal era of Ur of the Chaldeans ( Genesis 11:28–31 ).

2 Kings 10
Connected via Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 69% Chapter
2 Kings • Chapter 10 (36 verses)

And Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria . And Jehu wrote letters, and sent to Samaria , unto the rulers of Jezreel , to the elders, and to them that brought up Ahab's children, saying, Now as soon as this letter cometh to you, seeing your master's sons are with you, and there are with ... Mentions: Ahaziah , Judah , Baal , Jacob/Israel , Dan , Samaria, Jezreel 2 , Jordan .

Madmannah
64% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • 31.392°N, 34.941°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Josh 15:31 , 1 Chr 2:49 .

κλητός
kletos (klētós) [klay-tos']
G2822 Greek noun neuter 10x
called, invited, saints by calling

Primary meaning: called, invited, saints by calling. Strong's: invited, i.e. appointed, or (specially), a saint. Lexical nuances: called , invited (as to a banquet, Æsch., I Ki 1:41 , III Mac 5:14 ); in NT, always of the Divine call; to some office: κ. ἀπόστολος , Ro 1:1 , I Co 1:1 ; to salvation: Ro 8:28 , I Co 1:24 , Ju 1 ; κ. καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ κ. πιστοί , Re 17:14 ; in gosp. (not in pl., v.s. καλέω ) disting. fr. ἐκλεκτός , Mt 20:16 (WH, txt., R, omit), 22:14 ; κ. Ἰησοῦ Χρ. , Ro 1:6 ; κ. ἅγιοι , saints by calling , Ro 1:7 ,...

Derivation: from the same as G2821 (κλῆσις);
Jeremiah 14
60% Chapter
Jeremiah • Chapter 14 (22 verses)

The word of the Lord that came to Jeremiah concerning the dearth. Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are black unto the ground; and the cry of Jerusalem is gone up. And their nobles have sent their little ones to the waters: they came to the pits, and found no w... Mentions: Judah , Jacob/Israel , Jerusalem , Zion .

Me-jarkon
60% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Rakkon • 32.133°N, 34.788°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Josh 19:46 (identified with Rakkon ).

Etam 2
57% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Ain 2 • 31.371°N, 34.861°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in 1 Chr 4:32 (identified with Ain 2 ).

Goah
56% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Jerusalem • 31.777°N, 35.235°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Jer 31:39 (identified with Jerusalem ).

Mortar
56% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Jerusalem • 31.777°N, 35.235°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Zeph 1:11 (identified with Jerusalem ).

ἀλήθεια
aletheia (alḗtheia) [al-ay'-thi-a]
G0225 Greek noun feminine 109x
truth, truthfulness, truth

Primary meaning: truth, truthfulness, truth. Strong's: truth. Lexical nuances: truth (v. DB , iv, 818f.). Objectively, "the reality lying at the basis of an appearance; the manifested, veritable essence of a matter" (Cremer, 86): Ro 9:1 , al.; of religious truth, Ro 1:25 , al.; esp. of Christian doctrine, Ga 2:5 , al.; ἀ. θεοῦ , Ro 15:8 . Subjectively, truthfulness, truth , not merely verbal (cl.), but sincerity and integrity of character: Jo 8:44 , III Jo 3 . In phrases ...

Derivation: from G227 (ἀληθής);
Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone) — King Mesha of Moab & YHWH
IMAGE • archaeology

Inscribed black basalt slab (c. 840 BCE) recording King Mesha 's rebellion against Israel , mentioning Omri, Chemosh, and the Sacred Name YHWH.

Moabite Royal Scribes • Louvre Museum, Paris (AO 5066) / Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0
Zechariah 6
56% Chapter
Zechariah • Chapter 6 (15 verses)

And I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came four chariots out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass. In the first chariot were red horses; and in the second chariot black horses; And in the third chariot white horses;... Mentions: Josiah , Zephaniah , Joshua , Jehozadak , Babylon .

Laadah
55% Gen 25
Generation 25 • Child of Shelah

Laadah is a biblical figure in Generation 25, child of Shelah . ( 1 Chronicles 4:21 )

Deir Alla Inscription — Prophecy of Balaam Son of Beor
IMAGE • archaeology

Red and black ink plaster wall inscription in Jordan recounting visions of the seer 'Balaam, son of Beor' ( Numbers 22 ).

Gileadite Scribes (8th Century BCE) • Archaeological Museum of Amman / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA 4.0
Iim
54% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Baalath-beer • 32.050°N, 35.733°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Josh 15:29 (identified with Baalath-beer ).

2 Kings 17
54% Chapter
2 Kings • Chapter 17 (41 verses)

In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah began Hoshea the son of Elah to reign in Samaria over Israel nine years. And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, but not as the kings of Israel that were before him. Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria ; and Ho... Mentions: Ahaz , Judah , Jacob/Israel, Baal , David , Samaria , Assyria , Egypt , Halah , Habor .

Pithom
52% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • 30.594°N, 32.186°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Ex 1:11 .

ἀγαθωσύνη
agathosyne (agathōsýnē) [ag-ath-o-soo'-nay]
G0019 Greek noun feminine 4x
goodness

Primary meaning: goodness. Strong's: goodness, i.e. virtue or beneficence. Lexical nuances: goodness (representing "the kindlier, as δικαιοσύνη , the sterner element in the ideal character," AR, Eph., 5:9 ; on its relation to χρηστότης , v. Tr., Syn ., §lxiii): Ro 15:14 , Ga 5:22 , II Th 1:11 .†

Derivation: from G18 (ἀγαθός);
Chephar-ammoni
52% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • 31.967°N, 35.250°E

?; now Khirbat Kafr Ana. Referenced in Josh 18:24 .

ἀπώλεια
apoleia (apṓleia) [ap-o'-li-a]
G0684 Greek noun feminine 18x
destruction, waste, loss

Primary meaning: destruction, waste, loss, perishing. Strong's: ruin or loss (physical, spiritual or eternal). Lexical nuances: destruction , waste , loss , perishing (in π. , of money, v. MM, s.v.): Mt 26:8 , Mk 14:4 , Ac 8:20 , Ro 9:22 , I Ti 6:9 , II Pe 2:1 ; in special sense of the loss of eternal life, perdition , the antithesis of σωτηρία : Mt 7:13 , Jo 17:12 , Phl 1:28 3:19 , II Th 2:3 , He 10:39 , II Pe 2:3 3:7 , 16 , Re 17:8 , 11 ( DB , iii, 744).†

Derivation: from a presumed derivative of G622 (ἀπόλλυμι);
Matthew 7
52% Chapter
Matthew • Chapter 7 (29 verses)

Judge not, that ye be not judged. For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Mentions: Yeshua the Messiah .

Ephes-dammim
52% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • 31.691°N, 34.944°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in 1 Sam 17:1 .

Helkath
52% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • 32.955°N, 35.212°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Josh 19:25 , Josh 21:31 .

ἐλπίζω
elpizo (elpízō) [el-pid'-zo]
G1679 Greek verb 31x
to look for, expect, hope, for

Primary meaning: to look for, expect, hope, for. Strong's: to expect or confide. Lexical nuances: to look for, expect, hope ( for ): c. acc rei, Ro 8:24 , 25 , I Co 13:7 , He 11:1 ; c. dat. rei ( τ. τύχῃ , Thuc., iii, 97, 2), Mt 12:21 ; seq. καθώς , II Co 8:5 ; c. inf., Lk 6:34 23:8 , Ac 26:7 , Ro 15:24 , I Co 16:7 , II Co 5:11 , Phl 2:19 , 23 , I Ti 3:14 , II Jo 12 , III Jo 14 ; seq. ὅτι , c. pres., Lk 24:21 ; c. fut., Ac 24:26 , II Co 1:13 13:6 , Phm 22 . As in LXX (WM, § xxxiii, d; and e...

Derivation: from G1680 (ἐλπίς);
מֶלֶךְ
melek (meleḵ) [MEH-lekh]
H4428 Hebrew noun masculine 2530x
king, royal sovereign

King, sovereign ruler; human earthly king under the covenant law (Deuteronomy 17) and supremely Yahweh as cosmic King of kings ruling from Zion.

Derivation: From מָלַךְ (H4427) to reign.
Hebrews 2
51% Chapter
Hebrews • Chapter 2 (18 verses)

Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let them slip. For if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompence of reward; How shall we escape, if we n... Mentions: Yeshua the Messiah , Abram/Abraham .

οἰκία
oikia (oikía) [oy-kee'-ah]
G3614 Greek noun feminine 93x
a house, dwelling, at home

Primary meaning: a house, dwelling, at home, the household. Strong's: properly, residence (abstractly), but usually (concretely) an abode (literally or figuratively); by implication, a family (especially domestics). Lexical nuances: a house , dwelling : Mt 2:11 7:24-27 , Mk 1:29 , al.; ἐν οἰκίᾳ (= cl. κατ ̓ οἰκίαν ), at home , Lk 8:27 ; εἰς οἰ. , II Jo 10 ; οἰ , c. gen. pers., usually has the art. ( Mt 8:14 , al., but cf. οἶκος and v. Bl., § 46, 9); ἡ οἰ. τ. πατρός μου , Jo 14:2 . Metaph., of the body as the dwelling of the soul: II Co 5:1 ; of property (as בַּיִת , Ge 45:18 , LXX, τ. ὑπάρχοντα ; III Ki 13:8 , LXX, οἶκος )...

Derivation: from G3624 (οἶκος);
βαπτίζω
baptizo (baptízō) [bap-tid'-zo]
G0907 Greek verb 77x
to dip, immerse, sink

Primary meaning: to dip, immerse, sink, to overwhelm. Strong's: to immerse, submerge; to make whelmed (i.e. fully wet); used only (in the New Testament) of ceremonial ablution, especially (technically) of the ordinance of Christian baptism. Lexical nuances: to dip , immerse , sink ; generally (in Polyb., iii, 72, of soldiers wading breast-deep; in i, 51, of the sinking of ships); metaph., to overwhelm ( Is 21:4 ; cf. MM, Exp. , x); c. cogn. acc., βάπτισμα β. , Mk 10:38 , 39 , Lk 12:50 . Mid., to perform ablutions , wash oneself , bathe ( IV Ki 5:14 , Jth 12:7 , Si 31 (34):30 ): Mk 7:4 ; aor. pass, in same sense, Lk 11:38 . Of ablution, immersion, ...

Derivation: from a derivative of G911 (βάπτω);
ἀφίημι
aphiemi (aphíēmi) [af-ee'-ay-mee]
G0863 Greek verb 143x
to send forth, send away, let go

Primary meaning: to send forth, send away, let go, to utter a cry. Strong's: an intensive form of , to go); to send forth, in various applications (as follow). Lexical nuances: to send forth , send away , let go : of divorce ( DB , iii, 274 a ), τ. γυναῖκα (Hdt.), I Co 7:11-13 ; of death, τ. πνεῦμα ( Ge 35:18 , Hdt., al.), Mt 27:50 ; ( φωνήν , to utter a cry , Mk 15:37 ; of debts, to remit , forgive (cl.), τ. δανεῖον , Mt 18:27 ; τ. ὀφειλήν , Mt 18:32 ; esp. of sins (Cremer 296 f.), τ. ἁμαρτίας , ἁμαρτήματα , ἀνομίας , Mt 9:2 , Ro 4:7 (LXX) , I Jo 1:9 , al.; punctilia...

Derivation: from G575 (ἀπό) and (to send;

Scripture Passages (24)

Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria ; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.

And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Hezekiah , which was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel , that Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria , and besieged it.

I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering.

Our skin was black like an oven because of the terrible famine.

In the twilight, in the evening, in the black and dark night:

My skin is black upon me, and my bones are burned with heat.

Which are blackish by reason of the ice, and wherein the snow is hid:

Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall gather blackness.

In the first chariot were red horses; and in the second chariot black horses;

Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black.

His head is as the most fine gold, his locks are bushy, and black as a raven.

For the hurt of the daughter of my people am I hurt; I am black; astonishment hath taken hold on me.

Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are black unto the ground; and the cry of Jerusalem is gone up.

Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever.

I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem , as the tents of Kedar , as the curtains of Solomon .

Let darkness and the shadow of death stain it; let a cloud dwell upon it; let the blackness of the day terrify it.

For ye are not come unto the mount that might be touched, and that burned with fire, nor unto blackness, and darkness, and tempest,

The black horses which are therein go forth into the north country; and the white go forth after them; and the grisled go forth toward the south country.

Their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it is become like a stick.

She is empty, and void, and waste: and the heart melteth, and the knees smite together, and much pain is in all loins, and the faces of them all gather blackness.

And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood;

And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel .

For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black: because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it.

But if the scall be in his sight at a stay, and that there is black hair grown up therein; the scall is healed, he is clean: and the priest shall pronounce him clean.

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