# Bible Graph — Biblical Knowledge Graph & Encyclopedia

> Bible Graph (https://biblegraph.app) is an interactive Biblical Knowledge Graph, multi-translation Scripture study workspace, Hebrew/Aramaic/Greek Strong's Lexicon, Church History lineage explorer, Ground News Theological Perspectives & Blindspot analyzer, and multi-modal 3D/media encyclopedia. Every canonical route on Bible Graph supports an agent-friendly Markdown representation by appending `.md` (e.g., `https://biblegraph.app/wiki/abrahamic-covenant.md`, `https://biblegraph.app/bible/OT.GEN/1.md`, `https://biblegraph.app/lexicon/H3117.md`) or sending `Accept: text/markdown`.

## Agent Protocols & Discovery

- [Full LLM Knowledge Corpus (/llms-full.txt)](https://biblegraph.app/llms-full.txt): Comprehensive Markdown reference of all Biblical books, Wiki concepts, Systematic Theology loci, Church History nodes, Theological Perspectives debates, 3D reconstructions, and MCP tool schemas.
- [Home Page Markdown (/index.md)](https://biblegraph.app/index.md): Structured Markdown overview of the Bible Graph platform and datasets.
- [Remote MCP Server (https://biblegraph.app/MCP)](https://biblegraph.app/MCP): Streamable HTTP & JSON-RPC 2.0 Model Context Protocol endpoint (aliases: `https://biblegraph.app/mcp`, `https://biblegraph.app/api/mcp`). Exposes 6 tools, 5 catalog resources, and 3 exegesis prompts.
- [XML Sitemap (https://biblegraph.app/sitemap.xml)](https://biblegraph.app/sitemap.xml): Complete canonical URL index across all books, chapters, wiki articles, lexicon lemmas, genealogy figures, places, maps, 3D models, church history nodes, and theological debates.

## Core Hubs (HTML & Markdown `.md` Twins)

- [Bible Reader & Canonical Books (https://biblegraph.app/bible.md)](https://biblegraph.app/bible.md): All 81 Old Testament, New Testament, and Deuterocanonical/Apocrypha books across 8 translations (KJV, ESV, NASB, ASV, AMP, WEB, ERV, CPDV).
- [Biblical Encyclopedia & Wiki Hub (https://biblegraph.app/wiki.md)](https://biblegraph.app/wiki.md): Unified 6-tab encyclopedia covering Articles (52), Church History (187 nodes), Theological Perspectives (28 debates), Genealogy (607 figures), Ancient Places (1,273 locations), and Book Maps (59 maps).
- [Hebrew, Aramaic & Greek Lexicon (https://biblegraph.app/lexicon.md)](https://biblegraph.app/lexicon.md): 774 Strong's concordance entries with Septuagint (LXX) bridges and key scripture citations.
- [Biblical Media & 3D Reconstructions (https://biblegraph.app/media.md)](https://biblegraph.app/media.md): 51 interactive 3D GLB/USDZ reconstructions and 411 curated Wikimedia/BibleProject/archive media assets.
- [Multi-Mode Graph RAG Search (https://biblegraph.app/search.md)](https://biblegraph.app/search.md): Hybrid vector + FTS5 + 1-hop graph expansion search interface with browser-native WebMCP tools.

## Markdown Twin URL Patterns (`*.md`)

- Book Overviews: `/bible/{BOOK_ID}.md` (e.g., `/bible/OT.GEN.md`, `/bible/NT.JHN.md`, `/bible/NT.ROM.md`)
- Scripture Chapters: `/bible/{BOOK_ID}/{CHAPTER}.md` (e.g., `/bible/OT.GEN/1.md`, `/bible/NT.JHN/1.md`, `/bible/NT.ACT/2.md`)
- Wiki & Systematic Theology Articles: `/wiki/{slug}.md` (e.g., `/wiki/abrahamic-covenant.md`, `/wiki/trinity-and-divine-triunity.md`)
- Church History Lineage Nodes: `/history/{slug}.md` (e.g., `/history/nicaea-i.md`, `/history/chalcedon.md`, `/history/eastern-orthodoxy.md`)
- Theological Perspectives & Debates: `/perspectives/{slug}.md` (e.g., `/perspectives/baptism-remission-acts-2-38.md`, `/perspectives/eucharist-real-presence.md`)
- Strong's Lexicon Lemmas: `/lexicon/{STRONGS_ID}.md` (e.g., `/lexicon/H3117.md`, `/lexicon/H1285.md`, `/lexicon/G3056.md`, `/lexicon/G26.md`)
- Biblical Genealogy Profiles: `/people/{id}.md` (e.g., `/people/david-6-32.md`, `/people/abraham-19-28.md`, `/people/moses-2-25.md`)
- Ancient Gazetteer Places: `/places/{id}.md` (e.g., `/places/jerusalem.md`, `/places/bethlehem.md`, `/places/mount.sinai.md`)
- Biblical Book Maps: `/maps/{BOOK_ID}.md` (e.g., `/maps/OT.GEN.md`, `/maps/NT.ACT.md`)
- 3D Reconstructions & Artifacts: `/models/{id}.md` (e.g., `/models/solomons-temple.md`, `/models/ark-of-the-covenant.md`, `/models/cyrus-cylinder.md`)
- Multi-Modal Media Assets: `/media/{id}.md` (e.g., `/media/img:isaiah-scroll-great.md`)

## JSON API Endpoints

- [Graph RAG Search & Entity Preview (https://biblegraph.app/api/graph-rag)](https://biblegraph.app/api/graph-rag?q=covenant&mode=hybrid): `GET /api/graph-rag?q={query}&mode={auto|hybrid|rag|fts|semantic|rerank}&version={KJV|ESV|NASB|ASV|AMP|WEB|ERV|CPDV}&role={all|verse|lexicon|concept|history|perspective|person|place|book|model|media}` or `GET /api/graph-rag?action=preview&id={entityIdOrPath}`.
- [Verse Study Details (https://biblegraph.app/api/reader/verse-details)](https://biblegraph.app/api/reader/verse-details?id=OT.GEN.1.1): `GET /api/reader/verse-details?id={BCV}` returns canonical text, Strong's lemmas, cross-references, historical commentaries with Source Lean Profiles, connected artifacts, theological debates, tradition coverage, and blindspot scores.
- [Theological Tradition Coverage (https://biblegraph.app/api/perspectives/coverage)](https://biblegraph.app/api/perspectives/coverage?verse=NT.ACT.2.38): `GET /api/perspectives/coverage?verse={BCV}` or `?slug={debateSlug}` or `?topic={keyword}`.
- [Theological Blindspot Feed (https://biblegraph.app/api/perspectives/blindspots)](https://biblegraph.app/api/perspectives/blindspots?minBas=35): `GET /api/perspectives/blindspots?minBas={0..100}`.

## Biblical Concept & Encyclopedia Articles

- [Creation & the Garden of Eden](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/creation-and-eden.md): Cosmology, Primeval History, and the Origins of Humanity in Genesis 1–3 — The biblical account of Creation opens in Genesis 1:1 as God brings order, light, and life out of chaos over six days, culminating in the creation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.
- [The Flood & Noahic Covenant](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/noahic-flood-and-covenant.md): The Deluge, the Ark of Noah, and the Table of Nations in Genesis 6–10 — In the tenth generation from Adam, Noah builds an ark to preserve life through the global Flood (Genesis 6:14, Genesis 7:6), leading to God's everlasting covenant with all living creatures and the repopulation of the earth through Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
- [Abrahamic Covenant & the Patriarchs](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/abrahamic-covenant.md): The Call of Abram from Ur and Haran to Canaan, Isaac, and Jacob — Called from Ur of the Chaldeans and Haran into Canaan (Genesis 12:1), Abram—renamed Abraham in Genesis 17:5—receives the covenant promise of land, numerous descendants, and blessing to all nations through Isaac and Jacob.
- [Twelve Tribes of Israel](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/twelve-tribes-of-israel.md): The Sons of Jacob/Israel and Territorial Allotments Across Canaan — Descended from the twelve sons of Jacob (Israel)—Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh), and Benjamin—the Twelve Tribes formed the covenant nation of Israel.
- [The Exodus & Mount Sinai](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/exodus-and-sinai.md): Deliverance from Egypt, the Passover, the Red Sea, and the Giving of the Torah — Raised in Pharaoh's court and called at the burning bush on Horeb, Moses and his brother Aaron lead Israel out of bondage in Egypt through the Passover and crossing of the Red Sea to receive the Covenant Law at Mount Sinai.
- [Wilderness Tabernacle & Ark of the Covenant](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/tabernacle-and-ark.md): Sacred Architecture, Materials, Dimensions, and Liturgical Geography — Constructed at Mount Sinai according to Exodus 25–40, the Wilderness Tabernacle (Mishkan) and the gold-overlaid Ark of the Covenant served as the portable dwelling place of God's presence among Israel from Sinai to Shiloh and Jerusalem.
- [Levitical Priesthood & High Priests](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/levitical-priesthood.md): Lineage from Levi and Aaron through Eleazar, Phinehas, Zadok, and Ezra — Set apart from the tribe of Levi, the priestly house of Aaron and his sons Eleazar and Ithamar ministered at the Tabernacle and Temple, while Levitical divisions led by Kohath, Gershon, and Merari—including Temple musicians Asaph, Heman, and Ethan—led Israel's worship.
- [Canaanite Conquest & Period of the Judges](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/conquest-and-judges.md): From the Crossing of the Jordan and Jericho to Othniel, Ruth, and Samuel — After forty years in the wilderness, Joshua and Caleb lead Israel across the Jordan River into Canaan, followed by the era of the Judges—from Othniel to Samuel—and the Moabite-Bethlehem narrative of Ruth and Boaz.
- [King David & the Davidic Covenant](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/davidic-dynasty.md): The Royal House of Judah, Jerusalem (Zion), and the Eternal Throne — Anointed in Bethlehem as the youngest son of Jesse, King David united the tribes of Israel, established Jerusalem as the royal and spiritual capital, and received God's covenant promise in 2 Samuel 7 and 1 Chronicles 17 of an eternal throne.
- [Solomon's Temple & Wisdom Literature](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/solomons-temple-and-wisdom.md): The First Temple on Mount Moriah, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon — King Solomon constructed the First Temple in Jerusalem on Mount Moriah (1 Kings 6, 2 Chronicles 3) to house the Ark of the Covenant and fostered Israel's golden age of biblical wisdom literature.
- [Divided Kingdom of Israel and Judah](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/divided-monarchy.md): Chronicle of the Northern Kingdom (Samaria) and Southern Kingdom (Jerusalem) — After the death of Solomon, the monarchy split under Rehoboam and Jeroboam (1 Kings 12) into the northern Kingdom of Israel (centered at Samaria) and the southern Kingdom of Judah (ruled by the Davidic line in Jerusalem).
- [Major & Minor Prophets of Israel](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/biblical-prophets.md): Prophetic Oracles, Covenant Faithfulness, and Messianic Expectations — Spanning the eighth to fifth centuries BCE, the Major Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel) and the Twelve Minor Prophets (Hosea through Malachi) called Israel and Judah back to covenant righteousness while foretelling redemption and the coming Messiah.
- [Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/babylonian-exile-and-return.md): Deportation to Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar and Restoration under Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah — In 586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and deported Judah, including King Jehoiachin and High Priest Jehozadak (1 Chronicles 6:15), before the Persian decree of Cyrus enabled Zerubbabel, Joshua, Ezra, and Nehemiah to rebuild the Temple and walls of Jerusalem.
- [The Messianic Line (Adam to Yeshua)](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/messianic-lineage.md): 75 Generations Recorded Across Genesis, Ruth, 1 Chronicles, Matthew 1, and Luke 3 — The crimson thread of the Biblical Genealogy traces 75 generations from Adam through Seth, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Judah, Perez, Boaz, David, Solomon, Nathan, Zerubbabel, Joseph, and Mary to Yeshua the Messiah.
- [Gospels & Ministry of Yeshua the Messiah](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/gospels-and-ministry-of-yeshua.md): Life, Teachings, Miracles, and Parables Across Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John — The four canonical Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—chronicle the birth of Yeshua (Jesus) in Bethlehem to Mary, his upbringing in Nazareth, baptism in the Jordan River, ministry across Galilee and Judea, and proclamation of the Kingdom of God.
- [Crucifixion, Atonement & Resurrection](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/passion-and-resurrection.md): The Last Supper, Golgotha, the Empty Tomb, and the High Priestly Fulfillment in Hebrews — During Passover in Jerusalem, Yeshua instituted the New Covenant at the Last Supper, suffered crucifixion at Golgotha, and rose bodily on the third day—interpreted across the New Testament and Hebrews as the ultimate fulfillment of the Tabernacle and Day of Atonement.
- [Early Church, Acts & Pauline Epistles](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/apostolic-church-and-epistles.md): From Pentecost in Jerusalem to Antioch, Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome — Following the ascension of Yeshua and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost in Acts 1–2, the apostolic community spread from Jerusalem and Judea to Samaria, Antioch, Corinth, Ephesus, and Rome, documented across Acts and the twenty-one New Testament Epistles.
- [Apocrypha & Deuterocanonical Literature](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/deuterocanonical-apocrypha.md): Second Temple Jewish History, Wisdom, and Devotional Writings in WEB, KJV, and CPDV — Preserved in the World English Bible (WEB), King James Version (KJV), and Catholic Public Domain Version (CPDV), the eighteen Deuterocanonical / Apocrypha books bridge the intertestamental period between the return from Babylon and the New Testament era.

## Systematic Theology Articles

- [Ancient Near Eastern Suzerainty Treaties & Deuteronomy Covenant Form](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/ane-suzerainty-treaties-and-covenant-form.md): Hittite Vassal Treaties, Neo-Assyrian Parallels, and the Covenant Lawsuit (Rib) (Ancient Near Eastern & Second Temple Context)
- [Biblical Textual Criticism: Papyri, Uncials & Manuscript Families](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/biblical-textual-criticism.md): Methods, Canons of Criticism, Text-Types, and the Reconstruction of the Original Autographs (Bibliology & Canon)
- [Biblical Typology: Patterns, Shadows, and New Testament Fulfillment](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/biblical-typology-and-hermeneutics.md): Typological Hermeneutics, Historical Realism, and the Antitypical Glory of Christ (Covenants & Typology)
- [Christian Baptism: Covenant Sign, Regeneration & Ecclesial Initiation](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/sacrament-of-baptism.md): Jewish Mikva'ot Roots, John's Baptism, Apostolic Practice, and the Paedobaptist vs Credobaptist Debate (Ecclesiology & Sacraments)
- [Formation of the New Testament Canon & Apostolic Criteria](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/new-testament-canon-and-apostolicity.md): Apostolic Authority, The Muratorian Fragment, Athanasius's 39th Festal Letter, and Antilegomena (Bibliology & Canon)
- [Formation of the Old Testament Canon & Textual Transmission](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/old-testament-canon-and-transmission.md): The Tripartite TaNaKh, The Great Synagogue, Dead Sea Scrolls Witnesses, and Masoretic Precision (Bibliology & Canon)
- [General Resurrection, Final Judgment & The Intermediate State](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/resurrection-and-final-judgment.md): Daniel 12, Second Temple Sectarian Views, The Bema Seat, and The Great White Throne (Eschatology)
- [Grace, Divine Sovereignty & Human Responsibility](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/grace-divine-sovereignty-and-free-will.md): The Biblical Antinomy, Second Temple Philosophical Sects, and Monergism vs Synergism (Anthropology, Hamartiology & Soteriology)
- [Imago Dei: The Image of God & Human Constitution](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/imago-dei-and-human-constitution.md): Dignity, Moral Accountability, and the Trichotomist vs Dichotomist Debate (Anthropology, Hamartiology & Soteriology)
- [Inspiration, Inerrancy & The Divine Authority of Scripture](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/inspiration-and-authority-of-scripture.md): Theopneustos, Dual Authorship, Infallibility, and Sola Scriptura (Bibliology & Canon)
- [Justification by Faith, Imputation & Pauline Theology](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/justification-by-faith-and-imputation.md): Sola Fide, Forensic Righteousness, 4QMMT 'Works of the Law', and the New Perspective on Paul (Anthropology, Hamartiology & Soteriology)
- [Messianic Prophecy & The Suffering Servant in Isaiah](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/messianic-prophecy-and-suffering-servant.md): The Servant Songs, Vicarious Atonement, and Textual Confirmation from Qumran 1QIsa (Covenants & Typology)
- [Millennial Frameworks: Historical Interpretations of Revelation 20](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/millennial-frameworks.md): Chiliasm, Historic Premillennialism, Amillennialism, and Postmillennialism (Eschatology)
- [New Heavens, New Earth & The Cosmic Renewal](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/new-heavens-and-new-earth.md): Palingenesia, The Redemption of Creation, The New Jerusalem, and The Reversed Curse (Eschatology)
- [Pneumatic Soteriology: Regeneration, Indwelling & Sanctification](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/regeneration-and-indwelling-of-the-spirit.md): The New Birth, Temple of the Spirit, Fruit of the Spirit, and Union with Christ (Pneumatology)
- [Second Temple Judaism: Sects, Institutions, and Messianic Expectations](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/second-temple-judaism-and-historical-context.md): From Cyrus to Titus: Pharisees, Sadducees, Herodian Monumentality, and the Roman Matrix (Ancient Near Eastern & Second Temple Context)
- [Spiritual Gifts (Charismata) & Ministry in the Early Church](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/spiritual-gifts-and-pneumatic-ministry.md): The Distribution of Grace, Edification of the Church, and Cessationist vs Continuationist Debates (Pneumatology)
- [The Architecture of Biblical Covenants (Berit)](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/biblical-covenants-framework.md): The Structural Backbone of Redemptive History from Eden to the New Covenant (Covenants & Typology)
- [The Bodily Resurrection, Ascension & Session of Christ](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/resurrection-and-exaltation-of-christ.md): The Apostolic Kerygma, The Empty Tomb, and Exaltation to the Right Hand of the Father (Christology)
- [The Church (Ekklesia): Body, Bride, and Temple of God](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/nature-and-marks-of-the-church.md): Biblical Metaphors, Nicene Attributes, and the Reformation Notae Ecclesiae (Ecclesiology & Sacraments)
- [The Dead Sea Scrolls, Qumran Community & Second Temple Judaism](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/dead-sea-scrolls-and-qumran-sectarianism.md): The Essene Community, 1QS, 1QM, 4QMMT, and Messianic Matrix of the New Testament (Ancient Near Eastern & Second Temple Context)
- [The Divine Names: YHWH, Elohim & Covenant Titles](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/divine-names-and-tetragrammaton.md): The Tetragrammaton, Adonai, El Shaddai, and Sacred Inscriptional Evidence (Theology Proper & Triadology)
- [The Divine Nature & Incommunicable Attributes](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/divine-attributes-and-nature.md): Aseity, Simplicity, Immutability, Omnipresence, Omniscience, and Holiness (Theology Proper & Triadology)
- [The Fall, Hamartiology & The Effects of Original Sin](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/fall-and-original-sin.md): Rebellion in Eden, Universal Guilt, Total Depravity, and Federal vs Realist Transmission (Anthropology, Hamartiology & Soteriology)
- [The Holy Spirit: Deity, Personhood & Divine Procession](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/person-and-deity-of-the-holy-spirit.md): Ruach Elohim, Pneuma Hagion, Patristic Pneumatology, and the Filioque Debate (Pneumatology)
- [The Holy Trinity: Triune Godhead & Perichoresis](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/trinity-and-divine-triunity.md): Biblical Monotheism, Trinitarian Economy, and Patristic Triadology (Theology Proper & Triadology)
- [The Hypostatic Union: Two Natures in the Person of Christ](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/hypostatic-union-and-incarnation.md): The Incarnation of the Logos, Communicatio Idiomatum, and Chalcedonian Orthodoxy (Christology)
- [The Lord's Supper: Passover Fulfillment & Eucharistic Presence](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/the-lords-supper-and-eucharist.md): Upper Room Institution, Patristic Liturgies, and Historical Theories of Real Presence (Ecclesiology & Sacraments)
- [The Ordo Salutis: The Golden Chain of Redemption](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/ordo-salutis-order-of-salvation.md): Predestination, Effectual Calling, Regeneration, Justification, Sanctification, and Glorification (Anthropology, Hamartiology & Soteriology)
- [The Parousia: The Return of Christ & The Day of the Lord](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/parousia-and-day-of-the-lord.md): Prophetic Yom YHWH, The Olivet Discourse, and Apostolic Hope of the Second Coming (Eschatology)
- [The Septuagint (LXX) & Hellenistic Jewish Thought](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/septuagint-and-hellenistic-diaspora.md): Alexandrian Translation, Theological Vocabulary, Quoted in the New Testament, and Patristic Reception (Ancient Near Eastern & Second Temple Context)
- [The Tabernacle, Levitical Sacrifices & The Heavenly Sanctuary](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/tabernacle-and-sacrificial-typology.md): Liturgical Architecture, Sacrificial Categories, and Christ's Superior Priesthood (Covenants & Typology)
- [The Threefold Office of Christ: Prophet, Priest, and King](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/threefold-office-of-christ.md): The Munus Triplex in Old Testament Anointing Types and New Testament Consummation (Christology)
- [Theories & Biblical Foundations of the Atonement](https://biblegraph.app/wiki/atonement-and-cross-of-christ.md): Penal Substitution, Christus Victor, Recapitulation, and Sacrificial Expiation (Christology)

## Theological Perspectives & Side-by-Side Debates

- [Atonement Models: Penal Substitution vs. Christus Victor](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/atonement-models-isa-53.md): Penal Substitution, Christus Victor, Moral Influence, or Recapitulation in Isaiah 53 & Romans 3:25 (Passages: OT.ISA.53.4, NT.ROM.3.25, NT.COL.2.14)
- [Baptism & the Remission of Sins](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/baptism-remission-acts-2-38.md): Sacramental Regeneration, Covenant Sign, or Immersion for Remission in Acts 2:38 (Passages: NT.ACT.2.38, NT.ROM.6.3, NT.1PE.3.21)
- [Baptism Subjects: Paedobaptism vs. Credobaptism](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/baptism-subjects-infant-vs-believer.md): Infant Covenant Inclusion vs. Conscious Believer's Faith in Matthew 28:19 & Colossians 2:11 (Passages: NT.MAT.28.19, NT.COL.2.11, NT.ACT.16.33)
- [Biblical Inerrancy vs. Infallibility](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/biblical-inerrancy-chicago-2ti-3.md): Total Inerrancy in History/Science vs. Infallible Soteriological Trustworthiness in 2 Timothy 3:16 (Passages: NT.2TI.3.16, NT.2PE.1.20, NT.JHN.10.35)
- [Christology: Two Natures & the Hypostatic Union](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/christology-two-natures-chalcedon.md): Chalcedonian Dyophysitism vs. Cyrillian Miaphysitism in John 1:14 & Philippians 2:5 (Passages: NT.JHN.1.14, NT.PHP.2.5, NT.COL.2.9)
- [Church Discipline & Excommunication](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/church-discipline-mat-18.md): The Anabaptist Ban, Congregational Withdrawal, or Pastoral Inclusion in Matthew 18 & 1 Corinthians 5 (Passages: NT.MAT.18.15, NT.1CO.5.1, NT.2TH.3.14)
- [Church Polity & Ecclesial Governance](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/church-polity-elders-mat-16.md): Papal, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Autonomous Elders, or Congregational in Matthew 16:18, Acts 14:23 & Titus 1:5 (Passages: NT.MAT.16.18, NT.ACT.14.23, NT.TIT.1.5)
- [Church, State, Sword & Christian Pacifism](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/church-state-pacifism-mat-5-rom-13.md): Absolute Nonresistance vs. Just War & Magistracy in Matthew 5:38 & Romans 13:1–7 (Passages: NT.MAT.5.38, NT.ROM.13.1, NT.ACT.5.29)
- [Creation Days & Biblical Cosmology](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/creation-days-gen-1.md): 24-Hour Solar Days, Day-Age, Framework Hypothesis, or Cosmic Temple in Genesis 1 (Passages: OT.GEN.1.1, OT.EXO.20.11, NT.COL.1.16)
- [Final Destiny: Eternal Torment vs. Annihilation](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/hell-eternal-punishment-mat-25.md): Eternal Conscious Torment, Conditional Immortality, or Apokatastasis in Matthew 25:46 (Passages: NT.MAT.25.46, NT.MRK.9.43, NT.REV.20.14)
- [Images, Icons & the Second Commandment](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/images-icons-second-commandment.md): Veneration of Holy Icons vs. Prohibition of Religious Images in Exodus 20:4 & Colossians 1:15 (Passages: OT.EXO.20.4, NT.COL.1.15, OT.EXO.25.18)
- [Israel & the Church: Supersession vs. Dispensationalism](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/israel-church-rom-11.md): Covenant Continuity, Replacement, or Dual-Covenant Dispensationalism in Romans 11 & Galatians 6:16 (Passages: NT.ROM.11.1, NT.GAL.6.16, NT.EPH.2.14)
- [Justification: Faith vs. Works](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/justification-faith-works-rom-jas.md): Reconciling Paul's Sola Fide (Romans 3:28) with James 2:24 (Passages: NT.ROM.3.28, NT.ROM.4.3, NT.JAS.2.24)
- [Lord's Supper: Real Presence & Weekly Observance](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/lords-supper-presence-frequency.md): Transubstantiation, Sacramental Union, Spiritual Presence, or Memorial on Acts 20:7 (Passages: NT.MAT.26.26, NT.1CO.11.23, NT.ACT.20.7)
- [Millennial Frameworks & Eschatology](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/millennial-frameworks-rev-20.md): Amillennial, Historic Premillennial, Dispensational, or Postmillennial in Revelation 20:1–6 (Passages: NT.REV.20.1, NT.REV.20.4, NT.1TH.4.16)
- [Modern Apostles & Prophets](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/apostles-prophets-today-eph-4.md): Closed Apostolic Foundation vs. Contemporary Fivefold Ministry in Ephesians 4:11 & Revelation 2:2 (Passages: NT.2CO.12.12, NT.EPH.4.11, NT.REV.2.2)
- [Mosaic Law vs. New Covenant Grace](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/law-gospel-mosaic-heb-8.md): Threefold Division, Law-Gospel Distinction, or New Covenant Theology in Hebrews 8:6 & Galatians 3:19 (Passages: NT.HEB.8.6, NT.GAL.3.19, NT.ROM.7.6)
- [Old Testament Canon & the Deuterocanon](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/canon-deuterocanon-66-vs-73.md): The 66-Book Protestant Canon vs. 73-Book Catholic/Orthodox Septuagint Canon (Passages: OT.MAL.4.4, NT.LUK.24.44, NT.2TI.3.16)
- [Original Sin: Inherited Guilt vs. Mortality](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/original-sin-inherited-guilt-rom-5.md): Augustinian Inherited Guilt vs. Eastern Ancestral Sin in Romans 5:12–21 & Psalm 51:5 (Passages: NT.ROM.5.12, OT.PSA.51.5, OT.EZK.18.20)
- [Perseverance of the Saints vs. Apostasy](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/perseverance-apostasy-heb-6.md): Eternal Security vs. Falling from Grace in Hebrews 6:4, John 10:28 & 2 Peter 2:20 (Passages: NT.HEB.6.4, NT.JHN.10.28, NT.2PE.2.20)
- [Predestination & Sovereign Election](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/predestination-election-rom-9.md): Unconditional Individual Decree vs. Foreseen Faith in Romans 8:29, 9:14 & Ephesians 1:4 (Passages: NT.ROM.8.29, NT.ROM.9.14, NT.EPH.1.4)
- [Procession of the Holy Spirit (Filioque)](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/trinity-filioque-john-15-26.md): From the Father Alone vs. From the Father and the Son in John 15:26 (Passages: NT.JHN.15.26, NT.GAL.4.6, NT.ROM.8.9)
- [Regulative Worship & Instrumental Music](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/regulative-music-worship-eph-5-19.md): Vocal A Cappella Praise vs. Instrumental Accompaniment in Ephesians 5:19 & Colossians 3:16 (Passages: NT.EPH.5.19, NT.COL.3.16, OT.PSA.150.1)
- [Sabbath: Saturday vs. the Lord's Day](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/sabbath-saturday-vs-sunday-exo-20.md): Seventh-Day Observance, Christian Sabbath, or New Covenant Fulfillment in Exodus 20:8 & Colossians 2:16 (Passages: OT.EXO.20.8, NT.COL.2.16, NT.ACT.20.7)
- [Spirit Baptism: Conversion vs. Second Work of Grace](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/spirit-baptism-second-work-act-2.md): Simultaneous with Conversion or Subsequent Empowerment in Acts 1:8, 2:4 & 1 Corinthians 12:13 (Passages: NT.ACT.1.8, NT.ACT.2.4, NT.1CO.12.13)
- [Spiritual Gifts & Cessationism](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/spiritual-gifts-cessationism-1co-12-14.md): Continuation of Miraculous Sign Gifts vs. Cessation with the Apostles in 1 Corinthians 12–14 (Passages: NT.1CO.12.1, NT.1CO.13.8, NT.HEB.2.3)
- [Theosis & Partakers of the Divine Nature](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/deification-theosis-2pe-1.md): Ontological Participation in Divine Energies vs. Forensic Sanctification in 2 Peter 1:4 (Passages: NT.2PE.1.4, OT.PSA.82.6, NT.JHN.10.34)
- [Women in Pastoral Ministry & Eldership](https://biblegraph.app/perspectives/women-in-ministry-1ti-2.md): Complementarian Eldership vs. Egalitarian Ordination in 1 Timothy 2:11–15 & Galatians 3:28 (Passages: NT.1TI.2.11, NT.1CO.14.34, NT.GAL.3.28)

## Key Church History Councils, Creeds & Movements

- ['Raccoon' John Smith (1784–1868 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/raccoon-john-smith.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] John Smith, affectionately known as 'Raccoon' John Smith from the wild Cumberland Mountains, was a former Baptist frontier preacher who embraced Campbell's restoration plea. His colorful wit, rustic eloquence, and deep scriptural mastery made him the primary instrument of reconciliation uniting Barton Stone's 'Christians' with Alexander Campbell's 'Disciples'.
- [Acts 29 Church Planting Network (1998–2026 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/acts-29-network.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Acts 29 is a global church-planting network founded in 1998 in Seattle by Mark Driscoll and later led by Matt Chandler, combining Reformed Calvinistic soteriology with continuationist spiritual gifts, male eldership (complementarianism), and aggressive contextualized urban church planting.
- [Adventist Tradition (Seventh-day Adventist Church) (1863 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/adventism.md): [TRADITION • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] The Seventh-day Adventist Church emerged from the Millerite Movement following the 'Great Disappointment' of October 22, 1844, when Christ did not visibly return. Guided by the prophetic writings of Ellen G. White, the movement reinterpreted 1844 as Christ entering the Most Holy Place of the heavenly sanctuary to begin the 'Investigative Judgment', observing the Seventh-day (Saturday) Sabbath and conditional immortality / annihilationism.
- [Alexander Campbell (1788–1866 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/alexander-campbell.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Alexander Campbell was the foremost intellectual architect, debater, and editor of the Restoration Movement. Educated at the University of Glasgow, he edited *The Christian Baptist* (1823–1830) and *The Millennial Harbinger* (1830–1864), authored *The Christian System*, founded Bethany College, and defended Christian theism and the primitive gospel in famous public debates with secularist Robert Owen (1829) and Catholic Bishop John Purcell (1837).
- [American Restoration Movement (Early 1800s – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/stone-campbell-movement.md): [TRADITION • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] The American Restoration Movement (or Stone-Campbell Movement) arose on the American frontier in the early 19th century, led by Barton W. Stone, Thomas Campbell, Alexander Campbell, and Walter Scott, seeking the visible unity of all Christians by restoring the simple faith, order, and ordinances of the primitive New Testament church, under the watchwords: 'Where the Scriptures speak, we speak; where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent' and 'In essentials unity, in non-essentials liberty, in all things charity'.
- [Amish Fellowship (1693 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/amish.md): [TRADITION • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Amish originated in 1693 in Alsace and Switzerland when elder Jakob Ammann led a separation from the Swiss Brethren (Mennonites) over concerns regarding spiritual laxity, advocating strict enforcement of the ban (Meidung / shunning), simple unadorned dress, and total separation from worldly culture.
- [Anabaptist Tradition (Radical Reformation) (1525 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/anabaptism.md): [TRADITION • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Anabaptists ('re-baptizers') emerged during the Radical Reformation in Zurich on January 21, 1525, when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and George Blaurock rejected infant baptism and baptized one another on confession of personal faith, advocating absolute separation of church and state, pacifism / nonresistance (refusal to bear the sword or swear oaths), and mutual community discipleship.
- [Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) & GAFCON (2008–2026 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/acna-gafcon.md): [TRADITION • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) was formed in 2009 under Archbishop Robert Duncan, uniting orthodox Anglicans who disaffiliated from The Episcopal Church (TEC) and the Anglican Church of Canada over theological liberalism and the redefinition of marriage, recognized and partnered with the Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (GAFCON).
- [Anglican Communion / Church of England (1534 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/anglicanism.md): [TRADITION • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] Anglicanism originated in the English Reformation when King Henry VIII declared royal supremacy over the Church of England in 1534. Shaped by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's *Book of Common Prayer* and the *Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion*, Anglicanism views itself as a *Via Media* (Middle Way) between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, combining Catholic liturgy and apostolic order with Reformed soteriology and biblical primacy.
- [Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/anselm-of-canterbury.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Post-Chalcedonian & Medieval (451–1517 AD)] Anselm of Canterbury was the Italian-born Archbishop of Canterbury widely regarded as the Father of Scholasticism. He formulated the celebrated program of Christian intellectual inquiry: 'faith seeking understanding' (*fides quaerens intellectum*), devised the Ontological Argument for God's existence in the *Proslogion*, and formulated the Satisfaction Theory of the Atonement in *Cur Deus Homo* (Why God Became Man).
- [Antiochian Apostolic Community (c. 35–100 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/antioch-apostolic-church.md): [TRADITION • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Antiochian Apostolic Church was the primary missionary base for Paul and Barnabas, marked by the breakthrough integration of Jewish and Gentile believers in common table fellowship and the first place where disciples were called 'Christians' (Christianoi).
- [Apollinarianism (c. 360–381 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/apollinarianism.md): [CONTROVERSY • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Apollinaris of Laodicea, in an overzealous defense of Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism, asserted that in the Incarnation the divine Logos replaced the human rational soul or mind (nous) of Jesus, leaving Christ with a human physical body and animal soul, but an exclusively divine mind.
- [Apostles' Creed (Symbolum Apostolicum) (c. 2nd–5th Century AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/apostles-creed.md): [CREED • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Apostles' Creed is the ancient summary of the Christian faith in the Western Church, growing out of the Old Roman Symbol (c. 150–200 AD) used as a three-part interrogatory confession at Holy Baptism, articulating faith in God the Father Almighty, Jesus Christ His only Son our Lord (conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, crucified under Pontius Pilate, risen, ascended, returning to judge), and the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, communion of saints, forgiveness of sins, resurrection of the body, and life everlasting.
- [Arianism (c. 318–381 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/arianism.md): [CONTROVERSY • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Arianism was the crisis that gripped the 4th-century church, sparked by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius, who argued that God the Father alone is unbegotten and without beginning, and that the Son was a created being (ktisma) brought into existence out of nothing as an instrument of creation: 'There was a time when He was not' (en pote hote ouk en).
- [Armenian Apostolic Church (c. 301 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/armenian-apostolic.md): [TRADITION • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Armenian Apostolic Church was established according to tradition by the Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew, and became the world's first national state church when King Tiridates III was baptized by Gregory the Illuminator in 301 AD.
- [Association of Related Churches (ARC) (2000–2026 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/arc-churches.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The Association of Related Churches (ARC) was founded in 2000 by Greg Surratt, Chris Hodges (Church of the Highlands), and Billy Hornsby to train, coach, and fund church planters using a proven, reproducible large-launch model, planting over 1,000 community churches across the globe by 2026.
- [Association of Vineyard Churches (1982 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/vineyard-movement.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The Association of Vineyard Churches originated in 1982 when John Wimber led his congregation out of Calvary Chapel due to differences over charismatic ministry and prophecy, establishing a movement characterized by George Eldon Ladd's inaugurated Kingdom theology ('Already and Not Yet'), intimate vertical worship music (Vineyard Music), and 'doing what Jesus did' through healing prayer and compassionate church planting.
- [Athanasian Creed (Quicunque Vult) (c. late 5th – 6th Century AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/athanasian-creed.md): [CREED • Post-Chalcedonian & Medieval (451–1517 AD)] The Athanasian Creed (named for its opening words *Quicunque vult salvus esse*, 'Whosoever will be saved') is a precise, rhythmic Latin theological canticle traditionally attributed to Athanasius but composed in 5th-century southern Gaul (likely by Caesarius of Arles or Vincent of Lerins), confessing that 'we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity, neither confounding the Persons, nor dividing the Substance'.
- [Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296–373 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/athanasius.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Athanasius the Great was Patriarch of Alexandria and the unflinching champion of the Council of Nicaea, defending the full co-essential deity of Jesus Christ (homoousios) against Arianism through five separate exiles ('Athanasius contra mundum'). His classic *De Incarnatione* famously summarized: 'He became man that we might become god'.
- [Augsburg Confession (Confessio Augustana, 1530 AD) (June 25, 1530 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/augsburg-confession.md): [CREED • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Augsburg Confession was drafted by Philip Melanchthon with Martin Luther's counsel and presented by Lutheran princes and electors to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530. Containing 28 articles (21 on chief articles of faith, 7 on corrected abuses), it demonstrated that the reformers had not introduced novel heresies, but remained faithful to Holy Scripture and the ancient catholic church fathers.
- [Augustine of Hippo (354–430 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/augustine-of-hippo.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Aurelius Augustinus was the monumental architect of Western Christian theology. In foundational works like *Confessions*, *On the Trinity* (De Trinitate), *The City of God* (De Civitate Dei), and anti-Pelagian treatises, he articulated the doctrines of original sin, sovereign irresistible grace, psychological Trinitarian analogies, and the distinction between the visible church and the elect invisible church.
- [B.B. Warfield (1851–1921 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/bb-warfield.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield was the last great intellectual titan of Old Princeton Theology, serving as professor of didactic and polemic theology from 1887 until his death in 1921. He authored the definitive evangelical defense of the verbal plenary inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture (notably in his 1881 article with A.A. Hodge and *The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible*), and defended cessationism in *Counterfeit Miracles* (1918).
- [Baptist Faith and Message (BF&M 2000) (1925 / 1963 / 2000 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/baptist-faith-and-message.md): [CREED • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The *Baptist Faith and Message* is the official statement of faith of the Southern Baptist Convention (originally adopted in 1925 in response to evolution, revised in 1963, and decisively revised in 2000 during the Conservative Resurgence).
- [Baptist Tradition (1609 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/baptist.md): [TRADITION • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Baptist movement began in 1609 among English Separatist exiles in Amsterdam led by John Smyth and Thomas Helwys, who rejected infant baptism as unscriptural, established believer's baptism (credobaptism), and championed absolute religious liberty and the separation of church and state.
- [Barton Warren Stone (1772–1844 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/barton-w-stone.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Barton W. Stone was a Presbyterian minister on the Kentucky frontier who hosted the monumental Cane Ridge Revival of August 1801, subsequently withdrawing from the Presbyterian synod to dissolve his presbytery with the historic *Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery* (1804), calling on all denominational bodies to 'die, be dissolved, and sink into union with the Body of Christ at large.'
- [Basil of Caesarea (Basil the Great) (c. 330–379 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/basil-of-caesarea.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Basil of Caesarea was archbishop of Caesarea and elder of the Cappadocian circle. In his landmark treatise *On the Holy Spirit* (De Spiritu Sancto), he defended the full equality and doxological glorification of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son, authored the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil, and established comprehensive monastic rules and the Basiliad charitable complex.
- [Belgic Confession (1561 AD) (1561 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/belgic-confession.md): [CREED • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Belgic Confession (*Confession de Foy*) was authored in 1561 by Reformed pastor Guido de Bres and smuggled to King Philip II of Spain to demonstrate that the persecuted Protestants of the Low Countries were not rebellious Anabaptist radicals, but law-abiding biblical Christians confessing the historic apostolic faith.
- [Book of Concord (Concordia, 1580 AD) (June 25, 1580 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/book-of-concord.md): [CREED • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Book of Concord (*Concordia*) was published on June 25, 1580 (the 50th anniversary of the Augsburg Confession), signed by 8,188 theologians, ministers, and magistrates, uniting fragmented Lutheran territories after decades of internal controversy (Crypto-Calvinism, Synergism, Majoristic debate).
- [Byzantine Iconoclasm (726–843 AD (Two Periods))](https://biblegraph.app/history/iconoclasm.md): [CONTROVERSY • Post-Chalcedonian & Medieval (451–1517 AD)] Byzantine Iconoclasm was the violent theological conflict over the religious use of painted icons of Christ and saints, ignited by Emperor Leo III in 726 AD who decreed all images to be idols violating the Second Commandment, ordering their whitewashing and destruction, and persecuting monks who defended them.
- [C.S. Lewis (1898–1963 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/cs-lewis.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Clive Staples Lewis was an Oxford and Cambridge don of Medieval and Renaissance literature who became the most widely read Christian apologist of the modern era. Converted from atheism to Christianity in 1931 (partly through conversations with J.R.R. Tolkien), Lewis broadcast his famous BBC wartime radio talks, compiled as *Mere Christianity* (1952), setting forth the common ground of historic Christian faith across Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant communions.
- [Calvary Chapel Fellowship (1965 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/calvary-chapel.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Calvary Chapel was founded in 1965 in Costa Mesa, California, by Pastor Chuck Smith, becoming the epicenter of the 1960s–70s 'Jesus People Movement' by welcoming barefoot hippies, baptizing thousands in the Pacific Ocean at Corona del Mar, pioneering contemporary Christian praise music (Maranatha! Music), and institutionalizing verse-by-verse chapter-by-chapter expository Bible teaching through the entire Scripture.
- [Canons of the Second Council of Orange (529 AD) (529 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/orange-canons-529.md): [CREED • Post-Chalcedonian & Medieval (451–1517 AD)] The 25 Canons of the Council of Orange (drafted by Caesarius of Arles based on Augustine's writings) defined that by the sin of Adam the free will of man is so wounded that no one can love God, believe in God, or do good for God's sake unless the grace of divine mercy anticipates him (*gratia praeveniens*), affirming that even the desire for cleansing is worked by the Holy Spirit.
- [Canons of the Synod of Dort (1619 AD) (May 6, 1619 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/canons-of-dort.md): [CREED • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Canons of Dort are the doctrinal decisions issued by the international Synod of Dort in 1619 responding to the five Remonstrant articles of Jacobus Arminius' followers, formulating the classic five heads of Reformed doctrine: 1. Unconditional Election and Sovereign Reprobation; 2. Definite Atonement (Christ's death of infinite worth, effectually saving the elect); 3 & 4. Total Depravity and Irresistible Effectual Grace; and 5. Perseverance of the Saints.
- [Cappadocian Circle (c. 350–400 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/cappadocian-school.md): [MOVEMENT • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Cappadocian Fathers (Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa) provided the definitive theological vocabulary resolving the Arian crisis, formulating the orthodox settlement: one divine essence (mia ousia) in three distinct persons (treis hypostaseis).
- [Carl Friedrich Keil (1807–1888 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/carl-friedrich-keil.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Carl Friedrich Keil was a conservative German Lutheran Old Testament exegete and professor at the University of Dorpat who partnered with Franz Delitzsch to produce the monumental *Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament* (1866–1878), providing rigorous grammatical-historical exegesis covering the entire Hebrew canon from Genesis to Malachi.
- [Catechetical School of Alexandria (c. 180–451 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/alexandrian-school.md): [MOVEMENT • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Alexandrian theological school emphasized the allegorical and spiritual interpretation of Holy Scripture, the divine transcendence of God, and the absolute unity of Christ's divine and human person in the Incarnation (Word-Flesh Christology).
- [Chalcedonian Definition of Faith (451 AD) (October 22, 451 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/chalcedonian-definition.md): [CREED • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Chalcedonian Definition is the definitive Christological confession issued by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD, affirming that Jesus Christ is 'perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a rational soul and body; consubstantial with the Father according to the Godhead, and consubstantial with us according to the Manhood... acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably (en dyo physesin asynchytos, atreptos, adiairetos, achoristos)'.
- [Charismatic Renewal (Second Wave) (1960s–1970s – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/charismatic-renewal.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The Charismatic Renewal (Second Wave) erupted when Episcopal rector Dennis Bennett announced his baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California (1960), followed by the 1967 Duquesne University weekend sparking the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, demonstrating that spiritual gifts and tongues could flourish inside historic liturgical churches without leaving for classical Pentecostal denominations.
- [Charles Haddon Spurgeon ('Prince of Preachers') (1834–1892 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/charles-spurgeon.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Charles H. Spurgeon was the most celebrated English-speaking preacher of the 19th century, serving as pastor of London's Metropolitan Tabernacle (preaching to 6,000 every Sunday without amplification). A staunch Reformed Baptist holding to the 1689 London Baptist Confession, he preached Christ crucified with fiery evangelistic passion, authoring *The Treasury of David* (7 volumes on the Psalms) and *Lectures to My Students*.
- [Charles Hodge (1797–1878 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/charles-hodge.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Charles Hodge was the principal of Princeton Theological Seminary from 1851 to 1878 and the leader of Old School Presbyterianism. Teaching over 3,000 ministerial students, he edited the *Princeton Review* and authored his monumental three-volume *Systematic Theology* (1871–1873), synthesizing Westminster confessional orthodoxy with Scottish Common Sense Realism.
- [Charles Wesley (1707–1788 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/charles-wesley.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Charles Wesley was the younger brother of John Wesley and co-founder of Methodism, acclaimed as the most prolific and influential sacred lyricist in English Christian history. He authored over 6,500 theological sacred songs—including 'Hark! The Herald Angels Sing', 'And Can It Be', 'O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing', 'Love Divine, All Loves Excelling', and 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today'—embodying Methodist Arminian theology in sung poetry.
- [Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978 AD) (October 1978 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/chicago-statement-inerrancy.md): [CREED • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy was produced by the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (ICBI) in 1978, signed by nearly 300 evangelical scholars. Across 19 Articles of Affirmation and Denial, it articulated that Scripture is without error or fault in all its teachings, no less in what it states about God's acts in creation and the events of world history than in its witness to God's saving grace in individual lives.
- [Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (1968 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/christian-church-disciples-of-christ.md): [TRADITION • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) is the mainline denominational heir of the Stone-Campbell Movement, which formally restructured in 1968 with the *Design for the Christian Church*, establishing a three-tiered covenantal structure (congregational, regional, and general), practicing open communion at the Lord's Table, endorsing historical-critical scholarship, and actively pursuing ecumenical unions (National and World Council of Churches).
- [Christian Churches and Churches of Christ (Independent / Instrumental) (1926–1971 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/independent-christian-churches.md): [TRADITION • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Christian Churches and Churches of Christ (Independent) comprise the conservative, instrumental wing of the Restoration Movement that separated from the Disciples of Christ between 1926 and 1971 in protest against theological liberalism, open communion, and denominational restructuring, retaining instrumental music in worship while staunchly preserving local church autonomy.
- [Christian Gnosticism (c. 120–200 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/gnosticism.md): [CONTROVERSY • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Christian Gnosticism (represented by Valentinus, Basilides, and the Sethians) was a widespread syncretistic movement claiming that salvation comes through secret esoteric knowledge (gnosis) of one's divine origin, viewing the material world as an evil prison created by an ignorant Demiurge (Yaldabaoth), and depicting Christ as an immaterial spiritual emissary who appeared only docetically (as an illusion) in flesh.
- [Church of the East (East Syriac / Persian Church) (431 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/church-of-the-east.md): [TRADITION • Post-Chalcedonian & Medieval (451–1517 AD)] The Church of the East (historically called the Nestorian Church or East Syriac Church) was the great missionary communion that expanded beyond the borders of the Roman Empire into Sasanian Persia, Central Asia, India, and Tang Dynasty China (as recorded on the Xi'an Stele in 781 AD).
- [Churches of Christ (Non-Instrumental / A Cappella) (1906 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/churches-of-christ-a-cappella.md): [TRADITION • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Churches of Christ (Non-Instrumental) represent the wing of the Restoration Movement that was formally recognized as distinct in the 1906 US Religious Census, characterized by strictly *a cappella* (vocal only) four-part congregational singing based on Eph 5:19 and Col 3:16, immersion in water of penitent believers for the remission of sins (Acts 2:38), weekly observance of the Lord's Supper on every Sunday (Acts 20:7), autonomous plural eldership, and the complete rejection of human creeds and denominational hierarchies.
- [Classical Pentecostalism (First Wave) (1901/1906 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/classical-pentecostalism.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Classical Pentecostalism began with Agnes Ozman speaking in tongues at Charles Parham's Bethel Bible College in Topeka (1901) and exploded into a global movement during the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles (1906–1909) under African American preacher William J. Seymour, defining the Baptism in the Holy Spirit as a distinct second work empowered by the initial physical evidence of speaking in tongues (glossolalia).
- [Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–215 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/clement-of-alexandria.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Titus Flavius Clemens was an erudite Christian scholar who headed the Catechetical School of Alexandria, authoring the monumental trilogy *Protrepticus*, *Paedagogus*, and *Stromata*, portraying Christ as the Divine Educator who guides the believer from simple faith (pistis) to mature spiritual knowledge (gnosis).
- [Clement of Rome (c. 35–99 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/clement-of-rome.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Clement of Rome was an early Roman bishop who authored 1 Clement (c. 96 AD) to the church in Corinth, urging reconciliation, order, humility, and submission to duly appointed presbyters in the earliest post-apostolic witness to apostolic succession.
- [Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672 AD) (March 1672 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/confession-of-dositheus.md): [CREED • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Confession of Dositheus was promulgated by Patriarch Dositheus II of Jerusalem at the Synod of Jerusalem in 1672, convoked to refute the *Eastern Confession of the Christian Faith* attributed to former Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril Lucaris, which had introduced Calvinistic theology into the East.
- [Confessional Lutheranism (LCMS, WELS) (1847 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/confessional-lutheranism.md): [TRADITION • Awakening & Restoration (1700–1900 AD)] Confessional Lutheranism (represented prominently by the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod [LCMS] and Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod [WELS]) maintains unconditional ('quia', 'because it agrees with Scripture') subscription to the 1580 Book of Concord, affirming biblical inerrancy, closed communion, and male pastoral ministry.
- [Continental Reformed Churches (1561 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/continental-reformed.md): [TRADITION • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Continental Reformed tradition encompasses European Reformed bodies that trace their confessional standards to the 'Three Forms of Unity': the Belgic Confession (1561), the Heidelberg Catechism (1563), and the Canons of Dort (1619).
- [Converge Network (1852/2000s–2026 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/converge-network.md): [MOVEMENT • Modern & Contemporary (1900–2026 AD)] Converge (formerly the Baptist General Conference, founded in 1852 by Swedish Baptist immigrants under Gustaf Palmquist) rebranded and restructured in the 21st century into a dynamic national and international movement dedicated to starting and strengthening churches through entrepreneurial leadership and global missions.
- [Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (c. 42 AD – Present)](https://biblegraph.app/history/coptic-orthodox.md): [TRADITION • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the indigenous Christian church of Egypt, tracing its foundation to John Mark the Evangelist in 42 AD. It is the birthplace of Christian monasticism (Antony the Great, Pachomius) and the ecclesiastical home of Athanasius and Cyril.
- [Council of Chalcedon (451 AD) (October – November 451 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/chalcedon.md): [COUNCIL • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Council of Chalcedon was the largest patristic council (~520 bishops), convoked by Emperor Marcian, which formulated the historic Chalcedonian Definition: Jesus Christ is one and the same Son, complete in deity and complete in humanity, recognized in two natures 'without confusion, without change, without division, without separation' (in duabus naturis inconfuse, immutabiliter, indivise, inseparabiliter).
- [Council of Ephesus (431 AD) (June – July 431 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/ephesus.md): [COUNCIL • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] The Council of Ephesus, convoked by Theodosius II and led by Cyril of Alexandria, declared the Blessed Virgin Mary to be 'Theotokos' (God-Bearer) because the child born of her was not a mere man conjoined to God, but the eternal Son of God made flesh in an indivisible personal union.
- [Council of Florence (1438–1445 AD) (1438–1445 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/florence.md): [COUNCIL • Post-Chalcedonian & Medieval (451–1517 AD)] The Council of Florence was the 17th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church convoked by Pope Eugene IV, attended by Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos and Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople, which proclaimed the reunion decree *Laetentur Caeli* (1439) resolving the Filioque, Purgatory, and papal primacy.
- [Council of Trent (1545–1563 AD) (1545–1563 AD (Three Periods))](https://biblegraph.app/history/trent.md): [COUNCIL • Reformation & Post-Reformation (1517–1700 AD)] The Council of Trent was the 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, representing the comprehensive dogmatic and disciplinary response of the Catholic Counter-Reformation to the Protestant Reformation. It defined the seven sacraments, the sacrificial nature of the Mass, the Latin Vulgate as authoritative, and condemned the Protestant doctrine of justification by faith alone (*sola fide*).
- [Cyprian of Carthage (c. 200–258 AD)](https://biblegraph.app/history/cyprian-of-carthage.md): [THEOLOGIAN • Apostolic & Patristic (30–451 AD)] Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus was bishop of Carthage during the Decian and Valerian persecutions. In his defining treatise *On the Unity of the Church* (De Ecclesiae Catholicae Unitate), he argued that the episcopate is a joint college holding unity in undivided shares, famously stating: 'He can no longer have God for his Father who has not the Church for his mother'.

## 3D Archaeological & Architectural Reconstructions

- [Ark of the Covenant (c. 1446 BC • Mount Sinai & Wilderness)](https://biblegraph.app/models/ark-of-the-covenant.md): Interactive 3D Model • Exodus 25:10–22
- [Wilderness Tabernacle (Mishkan) (c. 1446 BC • Mount Sinai to Shiloh)](https://biblegraph.app/models/wilderness-tabernacle.md): Interactive 3D Sanctuary • Exodus 25–40
- [Golden Lampstand (Menorah) (c. 1446 BC • Sanctuary Holy Place)](https://biblegraph.app/models/golden-lampstand.md): Interactive 3D Model • Exodus 25:31–40
- [Table of Showbread (c. 1446 BC • Sanctuary Holy Place)](https://biblegraph.app/models/table-of-showbread.md): Interactive 3D Model • Exodus 25:23–30
- [Golden Altar of Incense (c. 1446 BC • Sanctuary Holy Place)](https://biblegraph.app/models/altar-of-incense.md): Interactive 3D Model • Exodus 30:1–10
- [Bronze Altar of Burnt Offering (c. 1446 BC • Tabernacle Courtyard)](https://biblegraph.app/models/bronze-altar.md): Interactive 3D Model • Exodus 27:1–8
- [Bronze Laver (c. 1446 BC • Tabernacle Courtyard)](https://biblegraph.app/models/bronze-laver.md): Interactive 3D Model • Exodus 30:17–21
- [Siege of Lachish Relief (c. 701 BC • Nineveh South-West Palace)](https://biblegraph.app/models/siege-of-lachish-relief.md): Interactive 3D Museum Relief • 2 Kings 18:13–17
- [Tel Dan Stele (House of David Inscription) (c. 840 BC • Tel Dan, Northern Israel)](https://biblegraph.app/models/tel-dan-stele.md): Interactive 3D Epigraphic Scan • 2 Kings 8–9
- [The Cyrus Cylinder (539 BC • Babylon (Achaemenid Empire))](https://biblegraph.app/models/cyrus-cylinder.md): Interactive 3D Cuneiform Artifact • Ezra 1:1–4
- [Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (825 BC • Nimrud (Calah), Assyria)](https://biblegraph.app/models/black-obelisk-of-shalmaneser.md): Interactive 3D Assyrian Monument • 2 Kings 9–10
- [Sennacherib's Prism (Taylor Prism) (691 BC • Nineveh, Assyria)](https://biblegraph.app/models/sennacherib-prism.md): Interactive 3D Cuneiform Prism • 2 Kings 18–19 & Isaiah 36–37
- [Ketef Hinnom Silver Scroll (c. 600 BC • Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/ketef-hinnom-scroll.md): Interactive 3D Priestly Blessing Amulet • Numbers 6:24–26
- [Dead Sea Scrolls & Qumran Storage Jars (c. 250 BC – 68 AD • Qumran Caves, Judean Desert)](https://biblegraph.app/models/dead-sea-scrolls.md): Interactive 3D Manuscript & Jar Reconstruction • Isaiah 40 & Psalms
- [The Flood Tablet (Gilgamesh Tablet XI) (c. 7th Century BC • Library of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh)](https://biblegraph.app/models/gilgamesh-flood-tablet.md): Interactive 3D Cuneiform Tablet • Genesis 6–9
- [Ur III Sumerian Cuneiform Tablet (c. 2100–2000 BC • Third Dynasty of Ur, Mesopotamia)](https://biblegraph.app/models/ur-cuneiform-tablet.md): Interactive 3D Cuneiform Tablet • Genesis 11:28–31
- [Ancient Hebrew Tomb Inscription (Kidron Valley) (First / Second Temple Period • Kidron Valley, Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/kidron-valley-inscription.md): Interactive 3D Epigraphic Scan • Isaiah 22:15–16
- [The Temple of Solomon (First Temple) (c. 960–586 BC • Mount Moriah, Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/solomons-temple.md): Interactive 3D Architectural Model • 1 Kings 6–7 & 2 Chronicles 3–4
- [First Temple Period Jerusalem Scale Model (c. 10th–6th Century BC • City of David & Mount Moriah)](https://biblegraph.app/models/first-temple-jerusalem.md): Interactive 3D Museum Scale Model • 2 Samuel 5 & 1 Kings 6–9
- [Second Temple of Jerusalem (Herod's Temple) (c. 20 BC – 70 AD • Jerusalem Temple Mount)](https://biblegraph.app/models/second-temple-herod.md): Interactive 3D Architectural Model • Luke 2, John 2 & Acts 3
- [Noah's Ark (Primeval History • Genesis 6–8)](https://biblegraph.app/models/noahs-ark.md): Interactive 3D Vessel Reconstruction • Genesis 6:14–16
- [Ishtar Gate of Babylon (c. 575 BC • Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylon)](https://biblegraph.app/models/ishtar-gate-babylon.md): Interactive 3D Babylonian Gate • Daniel 1–4 & 2 Kings 25
- [Lion Panel from Nebuchadnezzar II's Throne Room (c. 604–562 BC • Royal Palace of Babylon)](https://biblegraph.app/models/nebuchadnezzar-lion-panel.md): Interactive 3D Glazed Brick Relief • Daniel 4:30 & Daniel 7:4
- [Ancient Babylon Scale Model (600 BC) (c. 600 BC • Neo-Babylonian Empire)](https://biblegraph.app/models/babylon-city-model.md): Interactive 3D Urban Scale Model • Daniel 1–5 & Jeremiah 50–51
- [Ziggurat of Ur (c. 2100 BC • Ur of the Chaldeans, Southern Mesopotamia)](https://biblegraph.app/models/ziggurat-of-ur.md): Interactive 3D Mesopotamian Ziggurat • Genesis 11:1–9 & 11:31
- [Royal Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal (c. 645–635 BC • North Palace of Nineveh)](https://biblegraph.app/models/ashurbanipal-lion-hunt.md): Interactive 3D Assyrian Palace Relief • Nahum 2:11–13 & Ezra 4:10
- [Persian Lamassu (Gate of All Nations) (c. 486–465 BC • Reign of Xerxes I (Ahasuerus), Persepolis)](https://biblegraph.app/models/persian-lamassu.md): Interactive 3D Royal Portal Guardian • Esther 1 & Ezra 4:6
- [Widow's Mite (Alexander Jannaeus Prutah) (103–76 BC (Circulated in 1st Century AD) • Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/widows-mite-coin.md): Interactive 3D Judean Coin • Mark 12:41–44 & Luke 21:1–4
- [Silver Half-Shekel (Temple Tax Coin) (c. 90 BC – 66 AD • Levantine Mint & Jerusalem Temple)](https://biblegraph.app/models/silver-half-shekel.md): Interactive 3D Silver Coin • Exodus 30:13 & Matthew 17:24–27
- [Canaanite Storage Jar (Amphora) (c. 1500–1000 BC • Late Bronze / Iron Age I Canaan)](https://biblegraph.app/models/canaanite-storage-jar.md): Interactive 3D Ceramic Vessel • Judges 7:16 & 1 Kings 17:12
- [Tel Lachish Archaeological Site (c. 1400–586 BC • Shephelah of Judah)](https://biblegraph.app/models/lachish-destruction-site.md): Interactive 3D Archaeological Tell • Joshua 10:31 & 2 Kings 18:14
- [Khirbet Qumran & Dead Sea Caves (c. 150 BC – 68 AD • Northwestern Dead Sea Shore)](https://biblegraph.app/models/khirbet-qumran.md): Interactive 3D Archaeological Complex • Isaiah 40:3
- [Masada Fortress & Dead Sea Plateau (c. 1000 BC – 73 AD • Judean Desert & En-Gedi Region)](https://biblegraph.app/models/masada-fortress.md): Interactive 3D Cliffside Stronghold • 1 Samuel 22:4–5 & 24:22
- [Rock-Cut Burial Cave (Kidron Valley, Jerusalem) (First & Second Temple Periods • Jerusalem Necropolis)](https://biblegraph.app/models/kidron-burial-cave.md): Interactive 3D Rock-Hewn Tomb • Matthew 27:60 & John 19:41
- [Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone) (c. 840 BC • Dhiban, Jordan)](https://biblegraph.app/models/mesha-stele.md): Interactive 3D Epigraphic Inscription • 2 Kings 3:4–27
- [Merneptah Stele (Israel Stele) (c. 1208 BC • Thebes, Egypt)](https://biblegraph.app/models/merneptah-stele.md): Interactive 3D Granite Stele • Judges 1:1
- [Pilate Stone (Caesarea Inscription) (c. 26–36 AD • Caesarea Maritima)](https://biblegraph.app/models/pilate-stone.md): Interactive 3D Epigraphic Slab • Matthew 27:2
- [Siloam Inscription (Hezekiah's Tunnel) (c. 701 BC • City of David, Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/siloam-inscription.md): Interactive 3D Relief Slab • 2 Kings 20:20
- [Caiaphas Ossuary (c. Early 1st C. AD • Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/caiaphas-ossuary.md): Interactive 3D Burial Box • Matthew 26:3
- [Gallio Delphi Inscription (c. 51–52 AD • Delphi, Greece)](https://biblegraph.app/models/gallio-delphi-inscription.md): Interactive 3D Epigraphic Inscription • Acts 18:12–17
- [Temple Warning Inscription (Soreg Balustrade) (c. 23 BC – 70 AD • Temple Mount, Jerusalem)](https://biblegraph.app/models/temple-warning-soreg.md): Interactive 3D Warning Slab • Acts 21:28
- [Magdala Synagogue Stone (c. 50 BC – 67 AD • Migdal, Galilee)](https://biblegraph.app/models/magdala-synagogue-stone.md): Interactive 3D Carved Stone • Matthew 4:23
- [Rosetta Stone (196 BC • Memphis, Egypt)](https://biblegraph.app/models/rosetta-stone.md): Interactive 3D Trilingual Decree • Isaiah 45:1
- [Code of Hammurabi Stele (c. 1750 BC • Babylon / Susa)](https://biblegraph.app/models/code-of-hammurabi-stele.md): Interactive 3D Legal Monument • Exodus 21:1–25
- [Nabonidus Cylinder (Belshazzar Coregency) (c. 550–539 BC • Sippar / Ur)](https://biblegraph.app/models/nabonidus-cylinder.md): Interactive 3D Foundation Cylinder • Daniel 5:1–30
- [Babylonian Chronicle Tablet (BM 21946) (597 BC • Babylon)](https://biblegraph.app/models/babylonian-chronicle-bm21946.md): Interactive 3D Chronicle Tablet • 2 Kings 24:10–17
- [Tiberius Tribute Penny Denarius (c. 14–37 AD • Lugdunum / Rome)](https://biblegraph.app/models/tribute-penny-denarius.md): Interactive 3D Roman Denarius • Matthew 22:19–21
- [Vespasian Judaea Capta Coin (c. 71–79 AD • Rome)](https://biblegraph.app/models/judaea-capta-coin.md): Interactive 3D Roman Sestertius • Luke 19:41–44
- [Sea of Galilee Boat ('Jesus Boat') (c. 50 BC – 70 AD • Ginosar, Galilee)](https://biblegraph.app/models/sea-of-galilee-boat.md): Interactive 3D Vessel Hull • Matthew 8:23–27
- [Capernaum Synagogue Reconstruction (c. 1st–4th C. AD • Capernaum, Galilee)](https://biblegraph.app/models/capernaum-synagogue.md): Interactive 3D Architectural Reconstruction • Mark 1:21
- [Erastus Inscription at Corinth (c. Mid-1st C. AD • Corinth, Greece)](https://biblegraph.app/models/erastus-inscription.md): Interactive 3D Pavement Inscription • Romans 16:23

## Optional

- [Complete Church History Catalog via MCP](https://biblegraph.app/MCP): Use tool `explore_church_history` for all 187 historical nodes.
- [Complete Knowledge Graph Node Count](https://biblegraph.app/index.md): 5,909 nodes and 36,406 edges.