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The Cyrus Cylinder

The Cyrus Cylinder (Interactive 3D Cuneiform Artifact • Ezra 1:1–4 ): Ancient barrel-shaped baked clay cylinder inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform on behalf of King Cyrus the Great after his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, recording his policy of restoring exiled peoples and sacred temple vessels to their homelands—paralleling the decree in Ezra 1:1–4 and 2 Chronicles 36:22–23 . Within the broader Biblical Knowledge Graph, this connects directly to Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return—In 586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and deported Judah , including King Jehoiachin and High Priest Jehozadak ( 1 Chronicles 6:15 ), before the Persian decree of Cyrus enabled Zerubbabel , Joshua , Ezra , and Nehemiah to rebuild the Temple and walls of Jerusalem .

Connected Genealogical Figures & Lineage

Ezra (Generation 48 • Child of Seraiah ): ( Ezra 7:1 ) Ezra was the priest who returned to Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity and recorded the events in the book of the Bible named Ezra. (mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4 , Ezra 7 , Ezra 10 ) Jehozadak (Generation 48 • Child of Seraiah ): ( 1 Chronicles 6:14 ) Jehozadak was high priest ( Haggai 1:1 ) when Judah and Jerusalem were carried away into exile by Nebuchadnezzar ( 1 Chronicles 6:15 ). (mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6 , Haggai 1 , Haggai 2 ) Zerubbabel (Generation 53 • Messianic Line • Child of Shealtiel ): Zerubbabel is a biblical figure in Generation 53 of the Messianic Line , child of Shealtiel , parent of Abihud . ( Matthew 1:12 ) (mentioned in 1 Chronicles 3 , Ezra 2 , Ezra 3 ) Shealtiel (Generation 52 • Messianic Line • Child of Jehoiachin (or Jeconiah )): Shealtiel is a biblical figure in Generation 52 of the Messianic Line, child of Jehoiachin (or Jeconiah), parent of Zerubbabel. ( 1 Chronicles 3:17 , Matthew 1:12 ) (mentioned in 1 Chronicles 3 , Ezra 3 , Ezra 5 )

Biblical Geography & Sacred Architecture

Key geographical locations connected to this topic include Persia (Ancient biblical location referenced in 2 Chr 36:20 , 2 Chr 36:22 , 2 Chr 36:23 , Ezra 1:1 , Ezra 1:2 , Ezra 1:8 (identified with Ecbatana ).) Babylonia (Ancient biblical location referenced in Ezra 1:11 , Ezra 2:1 , Ezra 5:12 , Ezra 6:1 , Ezra 7:6 , Ezra 7:9 (identified with Babel ).) Beyond the River (region. Referenced in Ezra 4:10 , Ezra 4:11 , Ezra 4:16 , Ezra 4:17 , Ezra 4:20 .) Ahava (Ancient biblical location referenced in Ezra 8:15 , Ezra 8:21 , Ezra 8:31 .) 3D Sanctuary Reconstructions: The Cyrus Cylinder — Ancient barrel-shaped baked clay cylinder inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform on behalf of King Cyrus the Great after his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, recording his policy of restoring exiled peoples and sacred temple vessels to their homelands—paralleling the decree in Ezra 1:1–4 and 2 Chronicles 36:22–23 . Persian Lamassu (Gate of All Nations) — Colossal carved limestone winged human-headed bull (Lamassu) guarding the Gate of All Nations built by King Xerxes I (biblical Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther and Ezra 4:6 ) at Persepolis, exemplifying the imperial Achaemenid court architecture of Esther , Ezra , and Nehemiah .

Scripture Witness (KJV) & Canonical Context

Primary KJV scripture witnesses include Ezra 1:1 : "Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia , that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia , that h..."; 2 Chronicles 36:22 : "Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the Lord spoken by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Pers..."; Ezra 1:8 : "Even those did Cyrus king of Persia bring forth by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and numbered them unto Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah .". Related canonical books and chapters: Ezra (Old Testament • 10 Chapters), Ezra 1 ( Ezra • Chapter 1 (11 verses)), Ezra 6 (Ezra • Chapter 6 (22 verses)).

Connected Topics & Entities Book/Chapter Verse Person Place Lexicon Theology Commentary

Topics, People & Places (36)

Interactive 3D Cuneiform Artifact • Ezra 1:1–4

Ancient barrel-shaped baked clay cylinder inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform on behalf of King Cyrus the Great after his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, recording his policy of restoring exiled peoples and sacred temple vessels to their homelands—paralleling the decree in Ezra 1:1–4 and 2 Chronicles 36:22–23 .

Cyrus Cylinder — Declaration of Persian Return (Ezra 1)
IMAGE • archaeology

Ancient clay cylinder inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform (539 BCE) detailing Cyrus the Great's decree permitting exiled peoples to return to their homelands and rebuild their sanctuaries.

Babylonian Cuneiform Scribes of Cyrus II • British Museum, London (BM 90920) / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA 4.0
Wiki Article • History & Monarchy

In 586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and deported Judah , including King Jehoiachin and High Priest Jehozadak ( 1 Chronicles 6:15 ), before the Persian decree of Cyrus enabled Zerubbabel , Joshua , Ezra , and Nehemiah to rebuild the Temple and walls of Jerusalem .

Ezra
99% Old Testament
Old Testament • 10 Chapters

Ezra (Old Testament, 10 chapters). Key figures: Judah , Jacob/Israel , Benjamin , Zerubbabel , Seraiah , Shephatiah . Key places: Persia , Jerusalem , Babylon , Jeshua , Elam , Netophah . Opens with: "Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia , that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up th..."

Ezra 1
99% Chapter
Ezra • Chapter 1 (11 verses)

Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia , that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia , that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, Thus saith Cyr... Mentions: Judah , Jacob/Israel , Benjamin , Persia, Jerusalem , Babylon .

Map of the Persian Empire & Jewish Return under Cyrus
IMAGE • maps

The twenty satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire and the return routes of Zerubbabel , Ezra , and Nehemiah .

Historical Biblical Cartographers • Geographicus / Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0
From Cyrus to Titus: Pharisees, Sadducees, Herodian Monumentality, and the Roman Matrix

Comprehensive historical and archaeological consensus on the political, religious, and social landscape between the return from Babylonian Exile under Cyrus (538 BC) and the Roman destruction of the Second Temple (70 AD).

Ezra 6
90% Chapter
Ezra • Chapter 6 (22 verses)

Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon . And there was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written: In the first year of... Mentions: Zechariah , Iddo , Jacob/Israel , Moses , Babylon , Jerusalem , Persia , Assyria .

Persia
Connected via Ezra 1 86% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Ecbatana • 34.798°N, 48.515°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in 2 Chr 36:20 , 2 Chr 36:22 , 2 Chr 36:23 , Ezra 1:1 , Ezra 1:2 , Ezra 1:8 (identified with Ecbatana ).

Ezra
Connected via Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return 83% Gen 48
Generation 48 • Child of Seraiah

( Ezra 7:1 )Ezra was the priest who returned to Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity and recorded the events in the book of the Bible named Ezra.

Bel and the Dragon
80% Apocrypha
Apocrypha / Deuterocanonical • 1 Chapters

Bel and the Dragon ( Apocrypha / Deuterocanonical , 1 chapters). Key figures: Daniel . Key places: Babylon . Opens with: "AND king Astyages was gathered to his fathers, and Cyrus the Persian received his kingdom...."

Jehozadak
Connected via Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return 79% Gen 48
Generation 48 • Child of Seraiah

( 1 Chronicles 6:14 ) Jehozadak was high priest ( Haggai 1:1 ) when Judah and Jerusalem were carried away into exile by Nebuchadnezzar ( 1 Chronicles 6:15 ).

Ezra 4
76% Chapter
Ezra • Chapter 4 (24 verses)

Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the children of the captivity builded the temple unto the Lord God of Israel ; Then they came to Zerubbabel , and to the chief of the fathers, and said unto them, Let us build with you: for we seek your God, as ye do; and we... Mentions: Judah , Benjamin , Jacob/Israel , Zerubbabel , Jeshua , Persia , Jerusalem , Samaria .

Babylonia
Connected via Ezra 1 76% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Babel • 32.537°N, 44.421°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Ezra 1:11 , Ezra 2:1 , Ezra 5:12 , Ezra 6:1 , Ezra 7:6 , Ezra 7:9 (identified with Babel ).

Isaiah 45
74% Chapter
Isaiah • Chapter 45 (25 verses)

Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut; I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight:... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Egypt , Ethiopia .

Ezra 1:1
Connected via Cyrus Cylinder — Declaration of Persian Return (Ezra 1) 73% Verse
Ezra Chapter 1, Verse 1

Scripture passage in Ezra 1:1

Zerubbabel
Connected via Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return 73% Messianic Line
Generation 53 • Messianic Line • Child of Shealtiel

Zerubbabel is a biblical figure in Generation 53 of the Messianic Line , child of Shealtiel , parent of Abihud . ( Matthew 1:12 )

Ezra 1:2
Connected via Cyrus Cylinder — Declaration of Persian Return (Ezra 1) 72% Verse
Ezra Chapter 1, Verse 2

Scripture passage in Ezra 1:2

2 Chronicles 36
Connected via The Cyrus Cylinder 72% Chapter
2 Chronicles • Chapter 36 (23 verses)

Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah , and made him king in his father's stead in Jerusalem . Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem . And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusalem, and condem... Mentions: Jehoahaz (or Johanan ), Josiah , Jehoiakim (or Eliakim ), Judah , Jacob/Israel , Jerusalem, Egypt , Babylon , Persia .

Ezra 3
72% Chapter
Ezra • Chapter 3 (13 verses)

And when the seventh month was come, and the children of Israel were in the cities, the people gathered themselves together as one man to Jerusalem . Then stood up Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his brethren the priests, and Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel , and his brethren, and b... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Zerubbabel , Shealtiel , Moses , Judah , Jerusalem , Jeshua , Tyre , Lebanon , Joppa .

Beyond the River
71% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Jerusalem • 31.777°N, 35.235°E

region. Referenced in Ezra 4:10 , Ezra 4:11 , Ezra 4:16 , Ezra 4:17 , Ezra 4:20 .

Isaiah 44
Connected via The Cyrus Cylinder 70% Chapter
Isaiah • Chapter 44 (28 verses)

Yet now hear, O Jacob my servant; and Israel , whom I have chosen: Thus saith the Lord that made thee, and formed thee from the womb, which will help thee; Fear not, O Jacob, my servant; and thou, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen. For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty, and fl... Mentions: Jacob/Israel, Judah , Jerusalem .

1 Esdras 2
69% Chapter
1 Esdras • Chapter 2 (30 verses)

In the first year of Cyrus king of the Persians, that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremy might be accomplished, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of the Persians, and he made proclamation through all his kingdom, and also by writing, saying, Thus says Cyrus k... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Judah , Benjamin , Jerusalem , Babylon , Samaria , Phoenicia , Syria .

Persian Lamassu (Gate of All Nations)
Connected via Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return 69% 3D Model
Interactive 3D Royal Portal Guardian • Esther 1 & Ezra 4:6

Colossal carved limestone winged human-headed bull (Lamassu) guarding the Gate of All Nations built by King Xerxes I (biblical Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther and Ezra 4:6 ) at Persepolis, exemplifying the imperial Achaemenid court architecture of Esther , Ezra , and Nehemiah .

Bel and the Dragon • Chapter 1 (42 verses)

AND king Astyages was gathered to his fathers, and Cyrus the Persian received his kingdom. And Daniel lived with the king, and was honored above all his friends. Now the Babylonians had an idol, called Bel, and there were spent upon him every day twelve great measures of fine flo... Mentions: Daniel , Babylon .

Interactive 3D Manuscript & Jar Reconstruction • Isaiah 40 & Psalms

Second Temple period biblical manuscripts written on parchment and papyrus and sealed inside cylindrical terracotta storage jars in the eleven caves above Khirbet Qumran on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea—including the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaᵃ).

Shealtiel
Connected via Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return 67% Messianic Line
Generation 52 • Messianic Line • Child of Jehoiachin (or Jeconiah)

Shealtiel is a biblical figure in Generation 52 of the Messianic Line , child of Jehoiachin (or Jeconiah ), parent of Zerubbabel . ( 1 Chronicles 3:17 , Matthew 1:12 )

🎬
VIDEO • overview

Overview of Ezra - Nehemiah detailing the return from Babylonian exile, rebuilding the temple under Zerubbabel and Jerusalem walls under Nehemiah , revealing the need for transformed hearts.

BibleProject • BibleProject CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 / Standard YouTube License
Ezra 2:1
Connected via Map of the Persian Empire & Jewish Return under Cyrus 66% Verse
Ezra Chapter 2, Verse 1

Scripture passage in Ezra 2:1

Isaiah
Connected via The Cyrus Cylinder 64% Old Testament
Old Testament • 66 Chapters

Isaiah (Old Testament, 66 chapters). Key figures: Jeshaiah (Isaiah), Judah , Azariah (or Uzziah ), Jotham , Ahaz , Hezekiah . Key places: Jerusalem , Zion , Sodom , Gomorrah , Lebanon , Bashan . Opens with: "The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham , Ahaz , and Hezekiah , kings o..."

2 Chronicles
Connected via The Cyrus Cylinder 63% Old Testament
Old Testament • 36 Chapters

2 Chronicles (Old Testament, 36 chapters). Key figures: Solomon , David , Jacob/Israel , Moses , Judah , Dan . Key places: Gibeon , Jerusalem , Egypt , Syria , Tyre , Lebanon . Opens with: "And Solomon the son of David was strengthened in his kingdom, and the Lord his God was with him, and magnified him exceedingly...."

Ishtar Gate of Babylon
Connected via Babylonian Captivity & Post-Exilic Return 63% 3D Model
Interactive 3D Babylonian Gate • Daniel 1–4 & 2 Kings 25

Monumental double gate on the northern wall of inner Babylon constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II around 575 BC during the era of Daniel and the Judean exile, clad in brilliant cobalt-blue glazed bricks embossed with alternating rows of golden lions, bulls (aurochs), and dragons (mušḫuššu).

Royal Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
Connected via Ezra 62% 3D Model
Interactive 3D Assyrian Palace Relief • Nahum 2:11–13 & Ezra 4:10

Masterpiece of Neo-Assyrian sculpted gypsum wall relief from the North Palace of King Ashurbanipal (biblical Asenappar, Ezra 4:10 ) at Nineveh , vividly illustrating the royal lion imagery invoked by the prophet Nahum against Nineveh ('Where is the dwelling of the lions?', Nahum 2:11–13 ).

Daniel 10
62% Chapter
Daniel • Chapter 10 (21 verses)

In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed unto Daniel , whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was true, but the time appointed was long: and he understood the thing, and had understanding of the vision. In those days I Daniel was mourning three ful... Mentions: Daniel, Michael , Persia , Uphaz .

Zerubbabel
61% Messianic Line
Generation 55 • Messianic Line • Child of Shealtiel

Zerubbabel is a biblical figure in Generation 55 of the Messianic Line , child of Shealtiel , parent of Rhesa . ( Luke 3:27 )

Ahava
61% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • 33.625°N, 42.787°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Ezra 8:15 , Ezra 8:21 , Ezra 8:31 .

Scripture Passages (19)

Ezra 1:1 (KJV)
Ezra 1 KJV

Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia , that the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia , that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying,

2 Chronicles 36:22 (KJV)
2 Chronicles 36 KJV

Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia , that the word of the Lord spoken by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia , that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying,

Ezra 1:8 (KJV)
Ezra 1 KJV

Even those did Cyrus king of Persia bring forth by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and numbered them unto Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah .

Ezra 1:7 (KJV)
Ezra 1 KJV

Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the Lord, which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerusalem , and had put them in the house of his gods;

Ezra 1:2 (KJV)
Ezra 1 KJV

Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia , The Lord God of heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and he hath charged me to build him an house at Jerusalem , which is in Judah .

But in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon the same king Cyrus made a decree to build this house of God.

And Daniel continued even unto the first year of king Cyrus.

2 Chronicles 36:23 (KJV)
2 Chronicles 36 KJV

Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia , All the kingdoms of the earth hath the Lord God of heaven given me; and he hath charged me to build him an house in Jerusalem , which is in Judah . Who is there among you of all his people? The Lord his God be with him, and let him go up.

So this Daniel prospered in the reign of Darius, and in the reign of Cyrus the Persian.

In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem , Let the house be builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits;

And hired counsellors against them, to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king of Persia , even until the reign of Darius king of Persia .

That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem , Thou shalt be built; and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid.

In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed unto Daniel , whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was true, but the time appointed was long: and he understood the thing, and had understanding of the vision.

Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut;

They gave money also unto the masons, and to the carpenters; and meat, and drink, and oil, unto them of Zidon, and to them of Tyre , to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa , according to the grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia .

And the elders of the Jews builded, and they prospered through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo . And they builded, and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel , and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia .

But Zerubbabel , and Jeshua , and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel , said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel , as king Cyrus the king of Persia hath commanded us.

Now therefore, if it seem good to the king, let there be search made in the king's treasure house, which is there at Babylon , whether it be so, that a decree was made of Cyrus the king to build this house of God at Jerusalem , and let the king send his pleasure to us concerning this matter.

And the vessels also of gold and silver of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took out of the temple that was in Jerusalem , and brought them into the temple of Babylon , those did Cyrus the king take out of the temple of Babylon , and they were delivered unto one, whose name was Sheshbazzar, whom he had made governor;

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