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East

East (Biblical Place • Ammon • 31.950°N, 35.924°E): Ancient biblical location referenced in Judg 6:3 , Judg 6:33 , Judg 7:12 , Judg 8:10 , Ezek 25:4 , Ezek 25:10 (identified with Ammon ). Within the broader Biblical Knowledge Graph, this connects directly to Ancient Near Eastern Suzerainty Treaties & Deuteronomy Covenant Form—Monumental archaeological and historical consensus (established by George Mendenhall, Kenneth Kitchen, Meredith Kline) that the literary structure of the Mosaic Covenant in Exodus and particularly Deuteronomy mirrors Late Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) Hittite Vassal Treaties rather than 1st millennium Neo-Assyrian treaties.

Biblical Geography & Sacred Architecture

Key geographical locations connected to this topic include East (Ancient biblical location referenced in Judg 6:3 , Judg 6:33 , Judg 7:12 , Judg 8:10 , Ezek 25:4 , Ezek 25:10 (identified with Ammon ).) East Gate (Ancient biblical location referenced in Neh 3:29 (identified with Jerusalem ).)

Scripture Witness (KJV) & Canonical Context

Primary KJV scripture witnesses include Exodus 38:13 : "And for the east side eastward fifty cubits."; Exodus 27:13 : "And the breadth of the court on the east side eastward shall be fifty cubits."; Ezekiel 47:18 : "And the east side ye shall measure from Hauran , and from Damascus , and from Gilead , and from the land of Israel by Jordan , from the border unto the east sea. And this is the east s...".

Connected Topics & Entities Book/Chapter Verse Person Place Lexicon Theology Commentary

Topics, People & Places (36)

East
99% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Ammon • 31.950°N, 35.924°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Judg 6:3 , Judg 6:33 , Judg 7:12 , Judg 8:10 , Ezek 25:4 , Ezek 25:10 (identified with Ammon ).

קֶדֶם
qedem (qeḏem) [KEH-dem]
H6924 Hebrew noun masculine 87x
antiquity, front, east, ancient time

East, front, ancient time, primeval origin; describes God's eternal pre-existence and the ancient goings-forth of Messiah (Micah 5:2).

Derivation: From קָדַם (H6923) to precede.
East Gate
99% Mapped Place
Biblical Place • Jerusalem • 31.777°N, 35.235°E

Ancient biblical location referenced in Neh 3:29 (identified with Jerusalem ).

Hittite Vassal Treaties, Neo-Assyrian Parallels, and the Covenant Lawsuit (Rib)

Monumental archaeological and historical consensus (established by George Mendenhall, Kenneth Kitchen, Meredith Kline) that the literary structure of the Mosaic Covenant in Exodus and particularly Deuteronomy mirrors Late Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) Hittite Vassal Treaties rather than 1st millennium Neo-Assyrian treaties.

Map of the Ancient Near East & Fertile Crescent
IMAGE • maps

Topographical and geopolitical map of Mesopotamia , the Levant, and Egypt during the patriarchal and imperial eras.

Historical Biblical Cartographers • Geographicus / Wikimedia Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0
Lachish Reliefs — Assyrian Assault on Judahite Fortress
IMAGE • archaeology

Stone wall relief from Sennacherib's Southwest Palace at Nineveh depicting the siege, battering rams, and deportation of Lachish (701 BCE).

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III — King Jehu of Israel
IMAGE • archaeology

Neo-Assyrian bas-relief (825 BCE) showing King Jehu bowing before the Assyrian monarch, the only contemporary depiction of an Israelite king.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Taylor Prism (Sennacherib's Annals) — Siege of Jerusalem
IMAGE • archaeology

Hexagonal baked clay prism in the British Museum recording Sennacherib's campaign against Hezekiah : 'I shut him up like a caged bird'.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
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PDF • monographs

Landmark scholarly monograph demonstrating that New Testament Greek is the living vernacular (Koine) of the Greco-Roman world.

Adolf Deissmann / R. C. Trench • Internet Archive / Public Domain Public Domain Mark 1.0
Babatha Archive — Legal Documents from Cave of Letters
IMAGE • archaeology

Leather pouch containing 35 legal papyri preserved in the Judean wilderness during the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Merneptah Stele (Israel Stele) — Earliest Extra-Biblical Israel Mention
IMAGE • archaeology

Egyptian hieroglyphic victory poem from 1208 BCE preserving the earliest historical inscription naming ' Israel ' as a people in Canaan .

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
ἀγάπη
agape (agápē) [ag-ah'-pay]
G0026 Greek noun feminine 116x
love, goodwill, esteem

Primary meaning: love, goodwill, esteem, love feasts. Strong's: love, i.e. affection or benevolence; specially (plural) a love-feast. Lexical nuances: love , goodwill , esteem . Outside of bibl. and eccl. books, there is no clear instance (with Deiss., LAE , 18:4, 70:2, cf. the same writer in Constr. Quar. , ii, 4; and with MM, VGT , s.v., cf. Dr. Moulton in Exp. Times , xxvi, 3, 139). In NT, like ἀγαπάω , -ῶ , Of men's love: to one another, Jo 13:35 ; to God, I Jo 2:5 . Of divine love; God's love: to men, Ro 5:8 ; to Christ, Jo 17:26 ; Chris...

Derivation: from G25 (ἀγαπάω);
En-Gedi Carbonized Scroll — Micro-CT Virtual Unrolling of Leviticus
IMAGE • archaeology

Burned parchment scroll from an ancient synagogue virtually unrolled with micro-computed tomography to reveal Leviticus 1 -2.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Jericho Walls — Neolithic and Bronze Age Defenses at Tel es-Sultan
IMAGE • archaeology

Stone revetment and collapsed mudbrick ramparts at ancient Jericho , the lowest and oldest fortified city on earth.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
מוֹעֵד
moed (môʿēḏ) [mo-ADE]
H4150 Hebrew noun masculine 223x
appointed time, festival, solemn assembly

Appointed time, sacred festival; holy feasts of liturgical calendar (Leviticus 23) and Tent of Meeting (Ohel Mo'ed).

Derivation: From יָעַד (H3259) to appoint.
Erastus Inscription — Corinth City Treasurer (Romans 16:23)
IMAGE • archaeology

Paved limestone plaza inscription in ancient Corinth reading 'Erastus in return for his aedileship laid this pavement at his own expense'.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Megiddo Ivory Plaque — Canaanite Royal Court Life
IMAGE • archaeology

Carved hippopotamus ivory plaque showing an enthroned ruler receiving tribute and drinking from a lotus chalice.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Stepped Stone Structure — Citadel of David / Millo
IMAGE • archaeology

Colossal 12-story high terraced retaining wall supporting the royal palace acropolis of the City of David .

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
δεῖπνον
deipnon (deîpnon) [dipe'-non]
G1173 Greek noun neuter 16x
dinner, supper

Primary meaning: dinner, supper. Strong's: dinner, i.e. the chief meal (usually in the evening). Lexical nuances: the chief meal of the day, dinner, supper : Mt 23:6 , Mk 12:39 , Lk 14:17 , 24 20:46 , Jo 13:2 , 4 21:20 , I Co 11:21 ; δ. ποιεῖν , Mk 6:21 , Lk 14:12 , 16 , Jo 12:2 ; κυριακὸν (q.v.) δ. , I Co 11:20 ; metaph. (Dalman, Words , 118), δ. τ. γάμου τ. ἀρνίου , Re 19:9 ; δ. τ. μέγα τ. Θεοῦ , Re 19:17 .†

Derivation: from the same as G1160 (δαπάνη);
Gezer Calendar — Early 10th-Century Agricultural Inscription
IMAGE • archaeology

Limestone tablet recording the twelve agricultural months of the biblical year in archaic northwest Semitic script.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Megiddo Solomonic City Gate — Six-Chambered Iron Age Gateway
IMAGE • archaeology

Monumental six-chambered ashlar gate matching royal engineering at Hazor and Gezer ( 1 Kings 9:15 ).

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Elephantine Passover Papyrus — Jewish Colony in Egypt (419 BCE)
IMAGE • archaeology

Aramaic letter instructing the Jewish garrison at Elephantine on the observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Oriental Institute Prism of Sennacherib — Third Campaign
IMAGE • archaeology

Hexagonal cuneiform prism recording Sennacherib's capture of 46 fortified Judean cities and tribute from Hezekiah .

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Enuma Elish Creation Tablets — Mesopotamian Cosmogony
IMAGE • archaeology

Seven tablets recounting the battle between Marduk and Tiamat, contrasting with the monotheistic Genesis creation narrative.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Uzziah Tablet — Second Temple Reburial of King Uzziah
IMAGE • archaeology

Aramaic inscription stone from the Mount of Olives reading 'Hither were brought the bones of Uzziah , king of Judah ; do not open!'.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Library of Ashurbanipal Flood Tablet — Epic of Gilgamesh XI
IMAGE • archaeology

Cuneiform tablet discovered at Nineveh preserving the ancient Mesopotamian account of the catastrophic global deluge and ark.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Code of Hammurabi Stele — Babylonian Law & Mosaic Parallels
IMAGE • archaeology

Diorite stele in the Louvre Museum with 282 legal statutes illustrating Ancient Near Eastern covenantal jurisprudence.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Bar Kokhba Letters — Autographs of Shimon Bar Kokhba
IMAGE • archaeology

Military dispatches from the leader of the Second Jewish Revolt (132–135 CE) found in Nahal Hever.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Samaria Ivories — Phoenician Carvings from Ahab's Ivory Palace
IMAGE • archaeology

Intricate openwork ivory plaques with Egyptianizing motifs from the royal palace at Samaria ( 1 Kings 22:39 ).

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Hazor Canaanite Lion Orthostat — Temple Guardian
IMAGE • archaeology

Basalt lion sculpture from the Late Bronze Age temple at Tel Hazor , 'the head of all those kingdoms' ( Joshua 11:10 ).

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Lachish Letters (Ostracon IV) — Watching for Fire Signals
IMAGE • archaeology

Pottery sherd letter written on the eve of Nebuchadnezzar's destruction: 'We are watching for the fire signals of Lachish '.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Silwan Tomb Inscription — 'Over the Royal Household'
IMAGE • archaeology

Rock-cut tomb inscription in the Kidron Valley attributed to Shebna, the royal steward rebuked by Isaiah ( Isaiah 22:15 ).

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Arad Ostraca — 'House of YHWH' Sherd (Beit YHWH)
IMAGE • archaeology

Judahite fortress letter mentioning provisions for the travelers and 'the House of YHWH' in Jerusalem .

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Cave of the Patriarchs — Herodian Ashlar Wall at Hebron
IMAGE • archaeology

Massive drafted limestone building erected by Herod the Great over the traditional burial cave of Abraham and Sarah.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0
Western Wall — Spring of Robinson's Arch (Jerusalem)
IMAGE • archaeology

Enormous carved spring stone projecting from the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount that supported a colossal staircase.

Ancient Near Eastern Scribes and Stonemasons • The British Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority CC-BY-SA 4.0

Scripture Passages (24)

And for the east side eastward fifty cubits.

And the breadth of the court on the east side eastward shall be fifty cubits.

And the east side ye shall measure from Hauran , and from Damascus , and from Gilead , and from the land of Israel by Jordan , from the border unto the east sea. And this is the east side.

But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country.

And the border went out toward the sea to Michmethah on the north side; and the border went about eastward unto Taanath–shiloh, and passed by it on the east to Janohah;

And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah , on the east side of Ain ; and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward:

Thou breakest the ships of Tarshish with an east wind.

And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Beth–jeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdoth–pisgah:

And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt , and the Lord brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.

And ye shall point out your east border from Hazar–enan to Shepham :

In four quarters were the porters, toward the east, west, north, and south.

Afterward he brought me to the gate, even the gate that looketh toward the east:

And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind sprung up after them.

Should a wise man utter vain knowledge, and fill his belly with the east wind?

By what way is the light parted, which scattereth the east wind upon the earth?

For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the south.

And their dwelling was from Mesha , as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the east.

And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them:

And a portion shall be for the prince on the one side and on the other side of the oblation of the holy portion, and of the possession of the city, before the oblation of the holy portion, and before the possession of the city, from the west side westward, and from the east side eastward: and the length shall be over against one of the portions, from the west border unto the east border.

And he removed from thence unto a mountain on the east of Beth–el, and pitched his tent, having Beth–el on the west, and Ai on the east: and there he builded an altar unto the Lord, and called upon the name of the Lord.

And by the border of Simeon , from the east side unto the west side, Issachar a portion.

And by the border of Issachar , from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun a portion.

And by the border of Zebulun , from the east side unto the west side, Gad a portion.

Then Jacob went on his journey, and came into the land of the people of the east.

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