Wilderness Tabernacle & Ark of the Covenant
Sacred Architecture, Materials, Dimensions, and Liturgical Geography
Constructed at Mount Sinai according to Exodus 25 –40, the Wilderness Tabernacle ( Mishkan ) and the gold-overlaid Ark of the Covenant served as the portable dwelling place of God's presence among Israel from Sinai to Shiloh and Jerusalem .
The Ark of the Covenant & Mercy Seat
Built by Bezalel from acacia wood (shittim) overlaid with pure gold inside and out (2.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 cubits, Exodus 25:10 , Exodus 37:1 ), the Ark of the Covenant held the tablets of the Law, Aaron 's rod that budded, and a golden pot of manna ( Hebrews 9:4 ). Above it rested the solid-gold Mercy Seat (Kapporet) with two cherubim facing one another.
Sanctuary Layout & Levitical Encampment
The Wilderness Tabernacle courtyard measured 100 by 50 cubits ( Exodus 27:9 ), enclosing the bronze altar and laver, the Holy Place (housing the golden lampstand, table of showbread, and incense altar), and the Holy of Holies behind the embroidered veil ( Exodus 26:31 ). During wilderness journeys, Moses , Aaron , and Eleazar camped on the east ( Numbers 3:38 ), Kohath on the south ( Numbers 3:29 ), Gershon on the west ( Numbers 3:23 ), and Merari on the north ( Numbers 3:35 ).
Journeys of the Ark: Jordan, Jericho, Shiloh, and Zion
Carried by the priests ahead of Israel , the Ark halted the waters of the Jordan ( Joshua 3:14 ), circled Jericho ( Joshua 6:4 ), rested at Shiloh in the days of Samuel ( 1 Samuel 3:3 ), and was brought up to Jerusalem by King David ( 2 Samuel 6:12 ) before entering Solomon's Temple ( 1 Kings 8:6 ).