Penal Substitution, Christus Victor, Recapitulation, and Sacrificial Expiation
The cross as a substitutionary, reconciling, and victorious sacrifice is biblical-primary ( Isa 53 , Mark 10:45 , Rom 3:24-26 , 2 Cor 5:21 ). Specific theoretical frameworks synthesizing these facets (Anselmian satisfaction, Penal Substitution, Christus Victor) represent internal theological development and debate.
sin offering, purification offering, sin
Sin offering, purification offering, sin itself; sacrificial animal whose blood purified sanctuary and altar from defilement.
Derivation: From חָטָא (H2398) to miss mark, sin.
he-goat, hairy goat, sin offering goat
He-goat, buck; standard animal for communal sin offerings, ruler's sin offering, and the two goats on Day of Atonement.
Derivation: From שָׂעַר (H8175) to bristle, be hairy.
atonement, expiation (Yom Kippur)
Atonement, expiation; occurs in plural of intensity Yom Kippurim (Day of Atonement, Leviticus 23:27), annual cleansing of sanctuary and nation.
Derivation: From כָּפַר (H3722) to atone.
young bull, steer, premier sacrificial victim
Young bull; premier sacrificial victim prescribed for high priest's sin offering, whole congregation sin offering, and Day of Atonement.
Derivation: From פָּרַר (H6565) to break, bring forth.
sin, fault, guilt, penalty
Sin, moral delinquency, liability to punishment before the divine tribunal; frequently bears capital sentence ('sin unto death').
Derivation: From חָטָא (H2398) to miss mark.
sacrifice, slaughtered meal, oblation
Sacrifice, slaughtered animal offering followed by communal sacred meal; common term for bloody sacrifice alongside burnt offerings.
Derivation: From זָבַח (H2076) to slaughter.
guilt offering, trespass offering, guilt
Guilt offering, reparation offering; required when sacred things were violated, mandating full restitution plus one-fifth; applied to Servant (Isaiah 53:10).
Derivation: From אָשֵׁם (H816) to be guilty.
burnt offering, ascending sacrifice
Burnt offering; sacrifice wholly consumed by fire on altar, its sweet aroma ascending completely to God, symbolizing total surrender.
Derivation: From עָלָה (H5927) to go up, ascend.
Wiki Article • New Testament & Messiah
During Passover in Jerusalem , Yeshua instituted the New Covenant at the Last Supper, suffered crucifixion at Golgotha , and rose bodily on the third day—interpreted across the New Testament and Hebrews as the ultimate fulfillment of the Tabernacle and Day of Atonement.
altar, place of sacrifice
Altar, designated sacred structure of earth, stone, or bronze upon which sacrifices and incense were presented to effect expiation and worship.
Derivation: From זָבַח (H2076) to slaughter, sacrifice.
to atone, expiate, cover, propitiate
To atone, make propitiation, purge, ransom; central action in Leviticus whereby blood expiates guilt, cleanses defilement, and turns away wrath.
Derivation: Perhaps from pitch/covering (H3724), or Akkadian kuppuru (to wipe clean).
Leviticus • Chapter 9 (24 verses)
And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel ; And he said unto Aaron , Take thee a young calf for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before the Lord. And unto the children of Isra... Mentions: Moses , Aaron, Jacob/Israel .
blood, lifeblood, shed blood
Blood, lifeblood; vehicle of creaturely life ('life of the flesh is in the blood', Leviticus 17:11) given upon altar to make atonement.
Derivation: Primitive word.
Leviticus • Chapter 7 (38 verses)
Likewise this is the law of the trespass offering: it is most holy. In the place where they kill the burnt offering shall they kill the trespass offering: and the blood thereof shall he sprinkle round about upon the altar. And he shall offer of it all the fat thereof; the rump, a... Mentions: Aaron , Moses , Jacob/Israel , Sinai .
Rebellion in Eden, Universal Guilt, Total Depravity, and Federal vs Realist Transmission
Biblical-primary certainty on the historical rebellion in Eden ( Gen 3 ), resulting in universal sinfulness, guilt, spiritual death, and condemnation ( Rom 3:23 , 5:12-21 ). Theories on the transmission of original sin (Federal Headship vs Realism vs Ancestral Sin ) are cataloged under scholarly-debate.
an appeasing, a means of appeasing, propitiation
Primary meaning: an appeasing, a means of appeasing, propitiation, forgiveness. Strong's: atonement, i.e. (concretely) an expiator. Lexical nuances: an appeasing (Plut.).
Leviticus • Chapter 5 (19 verses)
And if a soul sin, and hear the voice of swearing, and is a witness, whether he hath seen or known of it; if he do not utter it, then he shall bear his iniquity. Or if a soul touch any unclean thing, whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast, or a carcase of unclean cattle, or ... Mentions: Moses .
ransom, redemption price, bribe
Ransom price, redemption fee paid to deliver a forfeited life from death; basis of redemption where innocent substitute pays price.
Derivation: From כָּפַר (H3722) in sense of covering.
Numbers 29
Connected via כִּפּוּר (kippur) 62%
Chapter
Numbers • Chapter 29 (40 verses)
And in the seventh month, on the first day of the month, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: it is a day of blowing the trumpets unto you. And ye shall offer a burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the Lord; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs... Mentions: Moses , Jacob/Israel .
a ransom
Primary meaning: a ransom. Strong's: something to loosen with, i.e. a redemption price (figuratively, atonement). Lexical nuances: a ransom (as for a life, Ex 21:30 ; for slaves, Le 19:20 ; for captives, Is 45:13 ): ἀντὶ πολλῶν , Mt 20:28 , Mk 10:45 (v. Swete, in l., and for discussion of λ. and its cognates, Westc., He. , 295 f.; Deiss., LAE , 331 f.; cf. also ἀντί-λύτρον ).†
Derivation: from G3089 (λύω);
to sprinkle, spatter
To sprinkle purifying blood, water, or oil upon altar, mercy seat, or worshiper; applied prophetically to Messiah ('sprinkle many nations', Isaiah 52:15).
Derivation: Primitive root.
Hebrews 10
Connected via Sacrifice and Atonement Theme Video 59%
Chapter
Hebrews • Chapter 10 (39 verses)
For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect. For then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers... Mentions: Yeshua the Messiah , Moses .
to forgive, pardon (solely divine)
To forgive, pardon; reserved in Hebrew Bible exclusively for divine forgiveness, never human pardoning; God blotting out guilt upon atonement.
Derivation: Primitive root.
discipline, correction, instruction
Moral discipline, corrective chastening; parental and divine education forming character through loving rebuke.
Derivation: From יָסַר (H3256) to chasten.
exchange, reconciliation
Primary meaning: exchange, reconciliation. Strong's: exchange (figuratively, adjustment), i.e. restoration to (the divine) favor. Lexical nuances: exchange .
Derivation: from G2644 (καταλλάσσω);
Azazel, scapegoat, removal
Azazel, scapegoat; live goat on Yom Kippur upon whose head sins were confessed, sent into wilderness typifying total removal of guilt.
Derivation: From עֵז (H5795) goat and אָזַל (H235) to go away (lit. 'goat of departure').
mercy seat, propitiatory cover
Propitiatory cover, mercy seat; solid gold slab atop Ark where atoning blood was sprinkled on Yom Kippur, achieving propitiation.
Derivation: From כָּפַר (H3722) to atone, cover.
Biblical Place • Jerusalem • 31.777°N, 35.235°E
Ancient biblical location referenced in 2 Chr 23:5 (identified with Jerusalem ).
Leviticus • Chapter 16 (34 verses)
And the Lord spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron , when they offered before the Lord, and died; And the Lord said unto Moses , Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place within the veil before the mercy seat, which is upon ... Mentions: Moses, Aaron, Jacob/Israel .
propitiatory
Primary meaning: propitiatory. Strong's: an expiatory (place or thing), i.e. (concretely) an atoning victim, or (specially) the lid of the Ark (in the Temple). Lexical nuances: propitiatory ( μνῆμα , FlJ, Ant. , xvi, 7, 1; θάνατος , II Mac, l.c.): of Christ, Ro 3:25 ; as subst., το ἱ. (sc. ἐπίθεμα , Ex 25:16 , 17 , where the word first occurs in LXX and where ἱ. ἐ. = כַּפֹּרֶת (q.v. in BDB, s.v.), elsewhere rendered simply τὸ ἱ ; cf. Deiss., 124 ff.; Westc., He. , in l.), He 9:5 .†
Derivation: neuter of a derivative of G2433 (ἱλάσκομαι);
soul, life, living being, person
Throat, neck, appetite, breath, life, living creature; in biblical anthropology, humanity was created a living soul (nephesh chayah), a psychophysical unity.
Derivation: From נָפַשׁ (H5314) to be refreshed.