to rebel, be contentious, disobey
To be contentious, resist authority, rebel against divine command; chronic sin of Israel in wilderness (Meribah).
Derivation: Primitive root.
to forsake, leave, abandon covenant
To depart from, abandon; used of human covenant unfaithfulness forsaking God and Torah, contrasted with God's promise never to forsake His people.
Derivation: Primitive root.
Biblical Place • 31.992°N, 34.958°E
now Bayt Nabala. Referenced in Neh 11:34 .
Biblical Place • Dibon 1 • 31.497°N, 35.783°E
Ancient biblical location referenced in Num 33:45 (identified with Dibon 1 ).
uprightness, integrity, equity
Straightness, moral rectitude, integrity of walk before God and fellow humans.
Derivation: From יָשַׁר (H3474) to be straight.
to be exalted, lift up oneself
To be lifted up, exalted; describes God's exaltation and Belshazzar's fatal hubris (Daniel 5:20, 23).
Derivation: Aramaic corresponding to רוּם (H7311).
to scorn, scoff, mock, interpret
To scoff at divine instruction, mock moral rebuke, deride sacred truth; chief antagonist in Proverbs.
Derivation: Primitive root.
Typological Hermeneutics, Historical Realism, and the Antitypical Glory of Christ
Typological interpretation is the explicit hermeneutical method of the New Testament authors (typos in Rom 5:14 , 1 Cor 10:6 , skia in Col 2:17 , Heb 8:5 , 10:1 , antitypon in 1 Pet 3:21 ), grounded in real historical persons, events, and institutions.
religiously right, righteous, pious
Primary meaning: religiously right, righteous, pious, Holy. Strong's: and from G40 (ἅγιος), which relates to purity from defilement), i.e. hallowed (pious, sacred, sure). Lexical nuances: religiously right , righteous , pious , Holy : of men, Tit 1:8 , He 7:26 ; by meton., ὁ. χεῖρας , I Ti 2:8 (cf. De 32:4 ); of God, Re 15:4 16:5 ; as subst., ὁ ὅ. , of the Messiah, Ac 2:27 13:35 (LXX); τὰ ὅ. Δανεὶδ τ. πιστά (Field, Notes , 121), Ac 13:34 (LXX) .†
Derivation: of uncertain affinity; properly, right (by intrinsic or divine character; thus distinguished from 1342, which refers rather to human statutes and relations; from G2413 (ἱερός), which denotes formal consecration;
beloved
Primary meaning: beloved. Strong's: beloved. Lexical nuances: beloved (v. M, Pr. , 221); by God: of Christ, Mt 3:17 ; of men, Ro 1:7 ; by Christians, of one another: I Co 4:14 ; freq. as form of address, I Co 10:14 ; opp. to ἐχθρός , Ro 11:28 (v. AR, Eph. , 229; Cremer, 17; MM, VGT , s.v.).
Derivation: from G25 (ἀγαπάω);
to judge, plead cause, contend, govern
To act as judge, champion the cause of the oppressed, vindicate the helpless ('The LORD will judge His people', Deuteronomy 32:36).
Derivation: Primitive root.
judgment, a matter, a law-suit
Primary meaning: judgment, a matter, a law-suit, a case. Strong's: a decision (the function or the effect, for or against ("crime")). Lexical nuances: the issue of a judicial process, hence, judgment , the decision passed on the faults of others: Mt 7:2 ; in forensic sense, c. gen. pun., Lk 24:20 ; esp. of the judgment of God, Ro 2:2 5:16 11:33 ( ICC , in l.), II Pe 2:3 , Ju 4 ; κ. λαμβάι εσθαι , Mt 23:13 (Rec., R, mg.), Mk 12:40 , Lk 20:47 , Ro 13:2 , Ja 3:1 ; ἔχειν , I Ti 5:12 ; βαστάζειν , Ga 5:10 ; ἐσθίειν ἑαυτῷ , I Co 11:29 ; εἰς κ. συνέ...
Derivation: from G2919 (κρίνω);
pestilence, fatal epidemic, plague
Pestilence; part of prophetic triad of covenant curses (sword, famine, pestilence) sent to punish apostasy (Jeremiah 24:10).
Derivation: From דָּבַר (H1696) in sense of destruction.
a ransom
Primary meaning: a ransom. Strong's: a redemption-price. Lexical nuances: a ransom : I Ti 2:6 (v. CGT , in l.; and cf. λύτρον ).†
Derivation: from G473 (ἀντί) and G3083 (λύτρον);
molten image, cast metal idol
Cast image formed by pouring molten metal into a mold; exemplified by the Golden Calf at Sinai (Exodus 32:4).
Derivation: From נָסַךְ (H5258) to pour out.
of a suppliant, an olive-branch, supplication
Primary meaning: of a suppliant, an olive-branch, supplication. Strong's: intreaty. Lexical nuances: of a suppliant ; as subst., ἡ ἱ. (sc. ῥάβδος ), in cl., an olive-branch , carried by a suppliant. In late Gk. = ἱκεσία , supplication : pl., δεήσεις κ. ἱ. , He 5:7 .
Derivation: from a derivative of the base of G2425 (ἱκανός) (through the idea of approaching for a favor);
Sola Fide, Forensic Righteousness, 4QMMT 'Works of the Law', and the New Perspective on Paul
Sola Fide is directly grounded in Genesis 15:6 , Habakkuk 2:4 , and the Pauline corpus ( Rom 3:21-28 , Rom 4 , Gal 2:16 ): God forensically declares the sinner righteous through faith in Jesus Christ . The debate between the Reformation forensic imputation model and the New Perspective on Paul is cataloged under scholarly-debate.
Biblical Place • 38.349°N, 28.519°E
Ancient biblical location referenced in Rev 1:11 , Rev 3:7 .
Branch, sprout, shoot (Messianic Title)
Vegetative shoot, branch; technical Messianic title in the prophets for the Davidic heir: 'The Branch of the LORD' (Isaiah 4:2, Jeremiah 23:5, 33:15, Zechariah 3:8, 6:12).
Derivation: From צָמַח (H6779) to sprout, spring up.
Biblical Place • Dibon 1 • 31.497°N, 35.783°E
Ancient biblical location referenced in Num 33:42 , Num 33:43 (identified with Dibon 1 ).
of the, natural, sensual
Primary meaning: of the, natural, sensual, natural. Strong's: sensitive, i.e. animate (in distinction on the one hand from G4152 (πνευματικός), which is the higher or renovated nature; and on the other from G5446 (φυσικός), which is the lower or bestial nature). Lexical nuances: of the ψυχή (as the lower part of the immaterial in man), EV, natural : opp. to πνευματικός , I Co 2:14 15:44 , 46 ; πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες (EV, sensual ; R, mg., natural or animal ; better perhaps, of the mind ; v. infr.), Ju 19 ; with ἐπίγειος, δαιμονιώδης , opp. to ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη ( σοψία ), of the mind (Hort, in l.), Ja 3:15 †
Derivation: from G5590 (ψυχή);
Alexandrian Translation, Theological Vocabulary, Quoted in the New Testament, and Patristic Reception
Universal historical consensus that the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible produced in Alexandria (3rd-2nd c. BC) served as the primary scriptural text, theological vocabulary, and conceptual bridge for New Testament authors and early patristic Christianity.
Biblical Place • 32.538°N, 34.908°E
river; now Nahar Tanninim?. Referenced in Josh 19:26 .
heavens, sky, celestial realm
Heavens, sky, visible vault of stars, and transcendent dwelling place of God and celestial hosts; partnered with earth to encompass the cosmos.
Derivation: From an unused singular meaning aloft.
Job • Chapter 20 (29 verses)
Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, Therefore do my thoughts cause me to answer, and for this I make haste. I have heard the check of my reproach, and the spirit of my understanding causeth me to answer.
Predestination, Effectual Calling, Regeneration, Justification, Sanctification, and Glorification
The stages of redemptive application are clearly anchored in Romans 8:29-30 (Foreknowledge, Predestination, Calling, Justification, Glorification). However, the precise logical and chronological sequencing (especially Regeneration vs Faith, and monergistic vs synergistic operations) forms the defining historical debate between Reformed, Lutheran, Arminian, and Roman Catholic traditions.
a bait, a snare, craft, deceit
Primary meaning: a bait, a snare, craft, deceit. Strong's: compare G1185 (δελεάζω)); a trick (bait), i.e. (figuratively) wile. Lexical nuances: in Hom., a bait .
Derivation: from an obsolete primary verb, (probably meaning to decoy;
upright, straight, pleasing
Straight, level, right, upright; describes moral rectitude of God's ways and integrity of heart.
Derivation: From יָשַׁר (H3474) to be straight.
Apostolic Authority, The Muratorian Fragment, Athanasius's 39th Festal Letter, and Antilegomena
Historical consensus that the 27-book NT canon developed via rigorous criteria: apostolicity (authored by an apostle or close associate), orthodoxy (consistency with the Rule of Faith), catholicity (widespread use across churches), and antiquity (1st century origin). Debates on antilegomena resolved by the late 4th century.
