The Servant Songs, Vicarious Atonement, and Textual Confirmation from Qumran 1QIsa
The Servant Songs of Isaiah ( Isa 42 , 49 , 50 , 52:13–53 :12) constitute the clearest prophetic portrayal of vicarious atonement in the Hebrew Bible, repeatedly cited by Jesus and the apostles ( Acts 8:32-35 , 1 Pet 2:22-25 ).
Wiki Article • Prophets & Wisdom
Spanning the eighth to fifth centuries BCE, the Major Prophets ( Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel ) and the Twelve Minor Prophets ( Hosea through Malachi ) called Israel and Judah back to covenant righteousness while foretelling redemption and the coming Messiah.
servant, slave, worshiper
Servant, bondservant; honorary title of covenant leaders (Moses, David) and supremely the prophetic 'Servant of the LORD' (Isaiah 53).
Derivation: From עָבַד (H5647) to serve.
Old Testament • 66 Chapters
Isaiah (Old Testament, 66 chapters). Key figures: Jeshaiah (Isaiah), Judah , Azariah (or Uzziah ), Jotham , Ahaz , Hezekiah . Key places: Jerusalem , Zion , Sodom , Gomorrah , Lebanon , Bashan . Opens with: "The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham , Ahaz , and Hezekiah , kings o..."
Branch, sprout, shoot (Messianic Title)
Vegetative shoot, branch; technical Messianic title in the prophets for the Davidic heir: 'The Branch of the LORD' (Isaiah 4:2, Jeremiah 23:5, 33:15, Zechariah 3:8, 6:12).
Derivation: From צָמַח (H6779) to sprout, spring up.
branch, green shoot (Nazarene wordplay)
Green sprout, shoot from roots; Isaiah 11:1 ('and a Branch shall grow out of his roots'), linguistic root underlying Matthew 2:23 ('He shall be called a Nazarene').
Derivation: From נָצַר (H5341) in sense of greenness/guarding.
Immanuel, God with us
Prophetic sign-name (Isaiah 7:14; 8:8), declaring God dwelling in the midst of His vulnerable people to deliver them.
Derivation: From עִם (H5973), נָה (H5168), and אֵל (H410).
chosen one, elect
Chosen one, elect; designates covenant people, Moses the intercessor, David the royal shepherd, and Messianic Servant (Isaiah 42:1).
Derivation: From בָּחַר (H977) to choose.
Isaiah • Chapter 44 (28 verses)
Yet now hear, O Jacob my servant; and Israel , whom I have chosen: Thus saith the Lord that made thee, and formed thee from the womb, which will help thee; Fear not, O Jacob, my servant; and thou, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen. For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty, and fl... Mentions: Jacob/Israel, Judah , Jerusalem .
Isaiah • Chapter 20 (6 verses)
In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod , (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod , and took it; At the same time spake the Lord by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, Go and loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and put off thy shoe from thy foot. And ... Mentions: Jeshaiah ( Isaiah ), Ashdod, Assyria , Egypt , Ethiopia .
Isaiah Chapter 53, Verse 5
Scripture passage in Isaiah 53:5
Isaiah • Chapter 65 (25 verses)
I am sought of them that asked not for me; I am found of them that sought me not: I said, Behold me, behold me, unto a nation that was not called by my name. I have spread out my hands all the day unto a rebellious people, which walketh in a way that was not good, after their own... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Judah , Sharon 1 , Jerusalem .
Isaiah • Chapter 37 (38 verses)
And it came to pass, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he rent his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the house of the Lord. And he sent Eliakim , who was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and the elders of the priests covered with sackcloth, unto ... Mentions: Hezekiah , Jehoiakim (or Eliakim), Jeshaiah ( Isaiah ), Judah , Haran , Assyria , Libnah 1 , Lachish , Ethiopia , Jerusalem .
Isaiah • Chapter 42 (25 verses)
Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Kedar .
Isaiah • Chapter 49 (26 verses)
Listen, O isles, unto me; and hearken, ye people, from far; The Lord hath called me from the womb; from the bowels of my mother hath he made mention of my name. And he hath made my mouth like a sharp sword; in the shadow of his hand hath he hid me, and made me a polished shaft; i... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Zion .
Isaiah • Chapter 56 (12 verses)
Thus saith the Lord, Keep ye judgment, and do justice: for my salvation is near to come, and my righteousness to be revealed. Blessed is the man that doeth this, and the son of man that layeth hold on it; that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and keepeth his hand from doing... Mentions: Jacob/Israel .
latter end, future, culmination
Latter end, future, final destiny; especially in prophetic phrase acharit ha-yamim ('the latter days / end of days', Genesis 49:1, Isaiah 2:2) marking Messianic era.
Derivation: From אַחַר (H310) after.
to bring good news, herald tidings, proclaim
To announce good tidings, herald glad news of victory and redemption; theological root of New Testament euangelion / gospel ('How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him who brings good tidings', Isaiah 52:7).
Derivation: Primitive root.
rod, shoot, twig (from stump of Jesse)
Slender twig, sprout; prophetic description of Messiah emerging from the seemingly dead stump of Jesse (Isaiah 11:1).
Derivation: From an unused root meaning to be slender.
Isaiah Chapter 1, Verse 1
Scripture passage in Isaiah 1:1
Isaiah Chapter 6, Verse 1
Scripture passage in Isaiah 6:1
prophet, spokesman for God
Prophet, divine spokesman; one who receives direct divine revelation and proclaims God's authoritative message ('I will put My words in his mouth', Deuteronomy 18:18).
Derivation: From an unused root cognate with Akkadian nabu (to call, name, announce).
Isaiah Chapter 53, Verse 1
Scripture passage in Isaiah 53:1
sign, token, pledge, memorial
Sign, pledge, visible memorial token verifying divine covenants (rainbow, circumcision, sabbath).
Derivation: Probably from אוֹת (H225) to signal.
Isaiah • Chapter 24 (23 verses)
Behold, the Lord maketh the earth empty, and maketh it waste, and turneth it upside down, and scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof. And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as wi... Mentions: Jacob/Israel , Zion , Jerusalem .
Interactive Book Map • Isaiah
Geographic map plotting ancient cities, rivers, mountains, and events recorded across the Book of Isaiah .
Isaiah • Chapter 21 (17 verses)
The burden of the desert of the sea. As whirlwinds in the south pass through; so it cometh from the desert, from a terrible land. A grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous dealer dealeth treacherously, and the spoiler spoileth. Go up, O Elam : besiege, O Media ; all th... Mentions: Elam , Jacob/Israel , Media , Babylon , Dumah 1 , Seir .
burden, prophetic oracle, solemn pronouncement
Burden; prophetic pronouncement of weight and impending divine judgment against nations (Isaiah 13:1, Nahum 1:1, Malachi 1:1).
Derivation: From נָשָׂא (H5375) to lift up, bear.
Isaiah Chapter 22, Verse 9
Scripture passage in Isaiah 22:9
Isaiah Chapter 45, Verse 1
Scripture passage in Isaiah 45:1
Isaiah • Chapter 53 (12 verses)
Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. He is despised...
